Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1236 Index

Africa (continued) gender structures and roles 494–495 government organization 508–511 health and disease 545– 547 household goods 561–562, 562 f hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 572–573 illumination 583–585 inventions 593–594, 593f language 609–611 laws and legal codes 621–622 literature 639–643, 667–668 metallurgy 678–679 migration and population movements 689–693 military 725–726 mining, quarrying, and salt making 741–742 money and coinage 752–753 music and musical instru- ments 763–764 natural disasters 776 numbers and counting 798–799 occupations 808–809 pandemics and epidemics 820–821 religion and cosmology 832–836 resistance and dissent 870–871 roads and bridges 883–884 sacred sites 897–899 scandals and corruption 909–910 science 922–925 seafaring and navigation 952–953 settlement patterns 962–964 ships and shipbuilding 974–975 slaves and slavery 985–986 social collapse and aban- donment 999–1000 socia l organization 1010– 1014, 1043–1044 sports and recreation 1047–1048 storage and preservation 1062–1063 textiles and needlework 1074–1075 towns and villages 1086– 1087 trade and exchange 1096– 1097 t ra nspor tat ion 1111–1112 war and conquest 1122– 1126, 1156

weaponry and armor 1161–1162 weights and measures 1173–1174 writing 1183–1184 African Humid Period 236–238 Afro-Asiatic group 610 aft erlife architecture 52, 57, 58 art 93, 99 building techniques and materials 153 craft s 286 death and burial practices 320 religion and cosmology 126, 849, 850, 853, 862 sacred sites 899 ager publicus agriculture 41 economy 368 settlement patterns 971, 972 age-set system 1014 Agis IV (king of Sparta) 39 agoge 195 agora. See also marketplace cities 222–224 towns and villages 1089 Agricola and Germania, Th e (Tacitus) 461 agricultural communities children 192 climate and geography 244 employment and labor 431 migration and population movements 721 towns and villages 1086 agricultural cycles calendars and clocks 171–172 festivals 468 social collapse and aban- donment 1001–1002 agricultural revolution cities 210 inventions 596–597 agriculture xxvii, 15–52, 37 Africa 16–20, 17f Americas 45–48 architecture 52 art 107 Asia and the Pacifi c 29–33, 31 f, 50–51 climate and geography 255–256 economy 341, 343, 350, 353–355, 360, 371, 373, 374 Egypt 20–24, 21f, 49 empires and dynasties 420 employment and labor 425–428, 431, 434, 435 Europe 33–36, 35f

food and diet 476, 481 Greece 36–40, 37f hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 573, 575 inventions 600, 604–605 Middle East 24–29, 25f, 27 m migration and population movements 708 nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 788, 793, 796 occupations 807, 811, 813, 814, 817 origins 15–16 Rome 40–45, 44f, 51 science 923, 932, 935–936 settlement patterns 963, 966, 969, 971 slaves and slavery 986 socia l organization 1010, 1012, 1015 storage and preservation 1061 towns and villages 1091, 1094 trade and exchange 1102, 1106 Agris helmet 291 agropastoralism 789, 790 aguadas 373 Ahmose, autobiography of 1128 Aiburshabum 886 Ajatashatru (king of Magadha) empires and dynasties 402 scandals and corruption 913 Akan people crime and punishment 297 religion and cosmology 835 Akapana mound 233 Akhenaten. See Amenhotep IV (king of Egypt) akhet agriculture 20 climate and geography 240 Akkadian Dynasty agriculture 29 art 99 borders and frontiers 143 cities 212 economy 352–353 education 380 empires and dynasties 397 exploration 438 family 451 government organization 517 language 612 migration and population movements 699 numbers and counting 800

alabaster 742 Alaska 264 alchemists 931, 933 alchemy 550 Alcmaeon 552 alcohol. See also beer; wine beverages 476, 478 discovery of 931 Alesia, Battle of borders and frontiers 147 war and conquest 1143 Aleutian Islands 264 Aleut people borders and frontiers 148 migration and population movements 720 Alexander the Great adornment 12 art 112 borders and frontiers 140, 143 cities 209, 225 climate and geography 242, 246 economy 354 education 378 empires and dynasties 401, 402, 412 exploration 443 foreigners and barbarians 489 government organization 519 migration and population movements 714 military 733 money and coinage 760 religion and cosmology 857 trade and exchange 1105 war and conquest 1138, 1148, 1149 Alexandria, Egypt cities 209–210, 225, 226 climate and geography 242 education 378 health and disease 552, 553 science 929 algebra 800 Algeria. See Numidia algorithms 802 aliens, resident 364 All-Athens 468 Allegewi people 1153–1154 Almagest (Ptolemy) 131–132 almanac 128 alpacas agriculture 47 economy 375 alphabet inventions 597 writing 1183–1186, 1188– 1191 alphabetic system 803

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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