1262 Indexliterature (continued)
Asia and the Pacifi c 649–
653, 650f, 671–672
Egypt 643–647, 644f,
668–669
Europe 653–655
Greece 655–660, 657f,
672–673
Middle East 647–649,
669–671
Rome 660–665, 673–674
Lithic Period
art 121
craft s 295
litterator 384, 385
liturgies 366
Liu Bang (emperor of China)
empires and dynasties
405
social organization 1025
liubo game pieces 1052f
Liu Ch’e (emperor of China)
901–902
liupo 1052
Lives of the Twelve Caesars,
Th e (Suetonius) 1059–1060
livestock
agriculture 21, 34
food and diet 473
Livy 709
llamas
agriculture 47
economy 375
loans 348, 354
locust plagues 776, 777
lodestone 598
loess 253, 254
logic 804
loimos 826
loincloths 272, 273f, 274,
277–278. See also schenti
London (Londinium) 229
London Papyrus 548
Long Count calendar
calendars and clocks 173
numbers and counting 806
Longinus, Cassius 917
Longshan culture 216
Long Walls at Athens 734
looms 1074–1076, 1078, 1080,
1082, 1083
looting 1141. See also plunder
lost-wax casting 679, 685,
686, 688
Lovedu tribe 494
Lower Egypt
climate and geography
239, 241–242
government organization
514
migration and population
movements 695
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (dicta-
tor of Rome) 916
Lucius Verus (emperor of
Rome) 416Lucretius
astronomy 132
literature 662
Lucy (fossilized skeleton) 436
ludi Romani 470
“Ludlul Bêl Nimeqi, Th e”
(Tabu-utul-Bêl) 556–557
Lughnasa 467–468
lullabies 191
lunar calendars
calendars and clocks 165–
166, 168, 170
science 932
lunar cycles 129
lungi 278
lunulae 683
Luoyang 217–218
Lupercalia 470
lustratio
children 196
family 456
lutes 765, 766, 772
Luxor-Farshut Road 884, 885
Lyceum 938
Lycian people 701
Lycurgus 529
Lyons 219
lyra 769
lyres 765, 766, 769, 771–772
lyric poetry 661, 663
Lysistrata (Aristophanes) 147,
878, 1035M
maat (Egyptian belief system)
laws and legal codes 623
natural disasters 776
sacred sites 899
scandals and corruption
910
Maat (Egyptian goddess) 297
Macedonia
calendars and clocks 167
climate and geography
258
empires and dynasties
412–413
money and coinage 758
war and conquest 1148
maces 1163
machines, water moving 28
Madagascar 273
Maecenas, Gaius Cilnius 663
Magadha 402
Magellan, Strait of 268
magi 380
magical texts 777
magic/magicians
gender structures and roles
496–497
health and disease 546,
548
laws and legal codes 622
pandemics and epidem-
ics 822religion and cosmology
851, 855–856
science 921, 930
magistrates
government organization
532–533
laws and legal codes 626,
629
slaves and slavery 987
Magna Mater 469
Mahabharata epic
drama and theater 332–
333
festivals 466
literature 650, 651,
671–672
migration and population
movements 705
mahajanapadas
empires and dynasties
401–402
government organization
522
maharajadhiraja 730
mail shirt 1170
maize
food and diet 482
literature 666
nomadic and pastoral
societies 777, 796
occupations 817
religion and cosmology
864
science 922, 947
Makeda (queen of Axum)
religion and cosmology
835
scandals and corruption
909
social organization 1021
Malagana 687
malakaras 812
malaria
health and disease 546
pandemics and epidemics
821–823, 825, 828
Malay Archipelago 802
Mali 176
malnutrition 553
malt 478
Malta 73
mancala 1048
Manching 220, 221
Manchuria 249
mandarin shirt 277
Mandubii tribe 1029
maniples
military 734
war and conquest 1151
mantles 283, 284
mantras 767
Manu, Code of 625
manual labor
agriculture 43
social organization 1038manufactured goods
economy 342, 356
occupations 815
manufacturing 360–361
manumission 993
manure as fertilizer 34, 43
manuscript illumination 94
Manusmriti 300–301
maps
borders and frontiers 144
exploration 436
science 945
marathons 1047
marble
architecture 79
building techniques and
materials 159, 160
Marcellinus, Ammianus 914
Marcus Aurelius (emperor of
Rome)
art 114
empires and dynasties 416
exploration 445
foreigners and barbarians
483, 490
literature 665
migration and population
movement 718
pandemics and epidem-
ics 827
ships and shipbuilding
979
marginal colonization 35
Marinus of Neapolis 132
maritime trade 1099, 1106
Marius, Gaius 879
market day 1106
market economy 428
marketplace. See also agora
economy 346
laws and legal codes 631
towns and villages 1088
markets 349
marl clay 176
Marmara, Sea of 247
Marmes site 321
marriage
children 190
clothing and footwear 282
family 447–450, 452–454,
456
gender structures and roles
496, 502
social organization 1016–
1017
marriage contract(s)
family 449, 449f
gender structures and roles
496
Marshack, Alexander 129
Marsh Arabs 64
marshland 262, 268
Mars statue 1151f
Martu people 699
masa 757
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