CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

162 CHAPTER SIX where callowable unit stress at angle to grain, lb/in^2 (MPa) callowable unit stress parallel to grain, lb/in ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 163 dsmaller dimension of rectangular section Emodulus of elasticity fcallowable compressive stre ...

164 CHAPTER SIX ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR DESIGN VALUES Design values obtained by the methods described earlier should be multiplie ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 165 For shear, the adjusted design value FVis computed from (6.21) whereFVis the design value for s ...

166 CHAPTER SIX values for southern pine are based on the adjustment equation given in Ameri- can Society for Testing and Materi ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 167 modification for duration of load. If these values are exceeded, mechanical rein- forcement suff ...

168 CHAPTER SIX KcE0.3 for visually graded lumber and machine-evaluated lumber 0.418 for products with a coefficient of variat ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 169 The beam stability factor CLmay be calculated from (6.34) where design value for bending multip ...

170 CHAPTER SIX The loads apply where the nail or spike penetrates into the member, receiving its point at least 10 diameters fo ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 171 The allowable lateral load for wood screws driven into end grain is two-thirds that given for si ...

172 CHAPTER SIX For wood screws, (6.44) (6.45) whereCegis the end-grain factor. For lag screws, (6.46) (6.47) For metal plate co ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 173 BENDING AND AXIAL TENSION Members subjected to combined bending and axial tension should be prop ...

174 CHAPTER SIX For either uniaxial or biaxial bending, fcshould not exceed (6.56) whereEis the modulus of elasticity multiplie ...

TIMBER ENGINEERING FORMULAS 175 (6.60) (6.61) The ultimate unit load is: (6.62) For lumber of various types, the following formu ...

176 CHAPTER SIX For solid circular columns with ends flat in general structural use under con- tinuously dry conditions: Q/Ais s ...

CHAPTER 7 177 SURVEYING FORMULAS UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Units of measurement used in past and present surveys are For construction ...

178 CHAPTER SEVEN 1 rad 57  17 44.8or about 57.30 1 grad (grade) circle quadrant100 centesimal min 104 cen- tesimals (F ...

SURVEYING FORMULAS 179 whereE 1 ,E 2 , E 3... are probable errors of the separate measurements. Error of the mean is (7.4) where ...

180 CHAPTER SEVEN For ordinary taping, a tape accurate to 0.01 ft (0.00305 m) should be used. The tension of the tape should be ...

SURVEYING FORMULAS 181 hand calculator operation. For slopes of 10 percent or less, the correction to be applied to Lfor a diffe ...