CIVIL ENGINEERING FORMULAS

302 CHAPTER TWELVE Darcy–Weisbach Formula One of the most widely used equations for pipe flow, the Darcy–Weisbach for- mula sati ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 303 where Vvelocity, ft/s (m/s) Ccoefficient, dependent on surface roughness of conduit Ss ...

304 CHAPTER TWELVE For pipes flowing full: (12.29) (12.30) (12.31) (12.32) where Vvelocity, ft /s (m /s) C 1 coefficient, depe ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 305 (12.33) (12.34) wherepDpressure at D; and wunit weight of liquid. Comparison of the Dar ...

306 CHAPTER TWELVE All three expressions are approximately of the form (12.40) whereKconstant dependent on pipe roughness. If t ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 307 A special application of these two preceding formulas is the discharge from a pipe into a ...

308 CHAPTER TWELVE FLOW THROUGH ORIFICES An orifice is an opening with a closed perimeter through which water flows. Ori- fices ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 309 (12.53) wherehLlosses in head, ft (m), between 1 and 2. By assuming V 1 0, setting h 1 ...

310 CHAPTER TWELVE Values of Cfor submerged orifices do not differ greatly from those for nonsub- merged orifices. Discharge und ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 311 TheYcoordinate is (12.60) whereVavgaverage velocity over period of time t. The equation ...

312 CHAPTER TWELVE WATER HAMMER Water hammer is a change in pressure, either above or below the normal pres- sure, caused by a v ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 313 wherepinternal pressure, lb/in^2 (MPa) Doutside diameter of pipe, in (mm) Fforce actin ...

F 2 m= Section 1 Section 2 Direction of flow F 2 =P 2 A 2 P 1 =P 1 A 1 V 1 ,P 1 ,A 1 V 2 ,P 2 ,A 2 P 2 F 1 m X P 1 α α θ θ F 2 m ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 315 A 1 area before size change in pipe, ft^2 (m^2 ) A 2 area after size change in pipe, ft ...

316 CHAPTER TWELVE From the Bernoulli equation for the entrance and exit, and the Manning equation for friction loss, the follow ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 317 Entrance Submerged or Unsubmerged but Free Exit. For these conditions, depending on the h ...

318 CHAPTER TWELVE To solve the preceding head equation, it is necessary to try different values ofdnand corresponding values of ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 319 whereis an empirical coefficient that represents the degree of turbulence. Experimental ...

320 CHAPTER TWELVE whereAarea of flow, ft^2 (m^2 ) Rhydraulic radius, ft (m) Qamount of flow or discharge, ft^3 /s (m^3 /s) n ...

HYDRAULICS AND WATERWORKS FORMULAS 321 (12.84) Because the discharge QVA, this equation may be written: (12.85) whereAarea of ...