The Economist January 22nd 2022 Culture 75
A wellknown haunt for rumba enthu
siasts in Kinshasa today, La Crèche was a
brothel before becoming a nightclub. A
band was first invited in the 1980s to enter
tain clients on the roof after, or between,
their trysts; the staircase is lined with bed
rooms obscured by colourful curtains. An
other rumba institution is the UnDeux
Trois club, run by Yves Emongo Luambo,
whose father, Franco Luambo, was one of
the greatestever rumba guitarists and
composers. He helped make rumba “our
cultural passport”, as Mr Emongo puts it.
Dazzlingly handsome in his youth, the
musician was known as “Franco de mi
amor” by some female fans and “the sorcer
er of the guitar” by others. His legendary
band, okJazz (later called tpokJazz), re
leased an average of two new songs a week
for years, totalling well over a thousand. If
Franco had tumultuous relationships with
women, none were as lengthy or complex
as the one he had with Mobutu Sese Seko,
who ruled the country for over three de
cades—a liaison that epitomised the nu
anced role of music in Congolese politics.
Sometimes Franco criticised Mobutu.
His most radical track was released in 1966,
a year after Mobutu came to power. The
dictator had four political opponents, in
cluding a former prime minister, publicly
hanged in a square in Victoire. Franco was
in the crowd and wrote a threnody to the
victims. Like some of his other songs, it
was hurriedly banned; all the copies on
sale were confiscated.
Yet he also penned flowery paeans to
the despot. By the time of the presidential
election of 1984, in which Mobutu was the
only candidate, faith in him had evaporat
ed as the public watched him use their
money to guzzle champagne for breakfast
and charter Concorde for shopping trips to
Paris. Even so, Franco released an effusive
ode called “Our Candidate Mobutu”. Its re
frain was “Mobutu, God sent you.”
This is an extreme example of libanga, a
feature of Congolese rumba that attests to
its influence. The word means “pebble” in
Lingala, the language spoken in Kinshasa.
Musicians throw a pebble, or give a shout
out, to wealthy patrons who reward them
lucratively. Rumba tracks are peppered
with references to politicians, especially
ahead of elections. Libanga tends to be
mercenary, not ideological, with singers
inclined to mention whoever pays them.
Werrason, another rumba legend, once
named 110 people in a single song.
Today, Congo’s biggest rumba star is 65
yearold Koffi Olomide (pictured on previ
ous page), who performs in sunglasses and
tight trousers, as he did recently at a plush
hotel in the eastern city of Goma. Mr Olo
mide turned up late, after everyone was
supposed to have gone home due to a pan
demicrelated curfew. Wearing a leopard
print hat in the style of Mobutu, he called a
policemanuponstagetocrackjokesabout
floutingtherules.Hemightbeabovethe
lawinCongo,butinFrance,wherehelives
muchofthetime,hewasrecentlyconvict
edofholdingfourfemalebackingdancers
inhishouseagainsttheirwill.
Thecasewasa blowtothesinger’sfans.
InCongo,though,fewthingsareconstant.
Electricityandwatersuppliesareerratic,
statesmenareoftencorruptandpredatory.
Butrumba itself isreliable. Ithasbeen
around,initsvariousforms,forcenturies.
It canbeheardalloverthevastcountryand
isbestenjoyedwitha beerinhand.From
thecapitaltoa villageonthebanksofthe
Congoriver,chancesareyouwillfinda
bottletosipasfamiliarrumbabeatsblare
froma nearbyradio.n
Medievalmonarchs
On angels’ wings
M
edievalhistoryshowsup onthe
page in two ways. One is obvious: it is
written in pen and ink on vellum and
parchment. This sort of history tends to be
about battles and bloodshed, conquerors
and kings. But some texts offer another
kind too—much quieter but speaking vol
umes nonetheless. This history is told in
hints, asides and impressions; it is a histo
ry that must be hunted for.
The 12thcentury ivorybound book
known as the Melisende Psalter is a good
example. At first sight, it offers the usual
historical staples: words, dates, religious
images. But tilt it, and other shapes appear,
scratched into the gilding. In one, you can
see feathers engraved in an angel’s wing; in
another, you glimpse the word “Basileus”,
the signature of the artist. On a different
page, the gilding on the feet of Christ has
faded—worn away, it is suggested, by the
kisses of Melisende, the queen of Jerusa
lem who once owned the book.
Picturing Melisende, and other medi
eval queens, is not easy. As with the images
in the gilding, the historian must get close
to the texts, angle them this way and that,
and seek out traces of their subjects. But as
Katherine Pangonis makes clear in this
vivid history, the effort is worthwhile, add
ing depth and unexpected detail to the
understanding of the past. For instance,
the Crusades tend to be remembered, on
page and screen, as a manly and Maniche
an struggle, in which Christian warred
with Muslim and cold steel defended iron
convictions. As this book shows, the reali
ty was far muddier, more female—and far
more interesting.
Take one of the most striking vignettes
offered here, about what happened when a
Frankish knight arrived in the Middle East
and went to the local baths with his wife.
Noticing that the attendant’s pubic hair
had all been shaved off, and struck by this
stylish look, the knight promptly ordered
the flunky to shave him too. Delighted by
the result, he turned to the attendant and
said: “Salim, by the truth of your religion,
do it to Madame!” Not a line that has found
its way into Hollywood films.
Ms Pangonis’s stories of Middle Eastern
and European queens offer similar surpris
es. Tilt the medieval chronicles and you
find leaders who are not the mild maidens
of legend but instead women who—in the
absence of dead, weak or warring hus
bands—ruled cities, withstood sieges and,
“more mannish than the Amazons”, set off
on Crusades themselves. The book’s sub
title is “The Women Who Dared to Rule”,
but “dared” is not quite the right verb. Rare
ly did these women actively seize power;
more often it was thrust upon them, usual
ly by marriage and often at a startlingly
young age. One queen was a widow by 13.
Another was married at eight. Medieval
monarchy gave little heed to menarche.
The obsession with childbearing and
succession leads to a slight weakness in
this entertaining book. Occasionally, the
profuse details of who married whom, who
had how many children, and what the
naughty uncles were up to, can make it feel
less like a history and more like a gathering
of Catholic aunts. But then thenarrative
tilts again, and there, in the gilding,you
see the feathers on the angel’s wing.n
Queens of Jerusalem. By Katherine
Pangonis. Pegasus Books; 272 pages; $28.95.
W&N; £20
Caped crusader