Chemistry, Third edition

16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA Can we be sure that reaction (16.1) has reached equilibrium at room tempera- ture? Sophisticated kinet ...

Acidic solution An acidic solution is one where the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxi ...

288 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA pH, pOH and pKw Taking logs on both sides of equation (16.2) gives logKwlog [H 3 O(aq)]log [OH ...

ACIDS AND BASES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 289 Acids and bases in aqueous solution Strong acids Hydrochloric acid is made by dissolving ...

290 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA the acidity of a solution. The strength of an acidin water is a property of the acid molecule, whe ...

For example, the pKaof ethanoic acid at 25 °C is log(1.8 10 ^5 )4.75 and the pKaof lactic acid is log(8.4 10 ^4 )3.08. T ...

292 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA solution is that, unlike strong acids, the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ion in the solut ...

ACIDS AND BASES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 293 Calculations involving weak acids (i)Calculate the percentage of HCN molecules ionized i ...

16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA Sulfuric acid – a diprotic acid Sulfuric acid possesses two acidic hydrogens and is said to be diproti ...

Any solution which contains the hydroxide ion (such as NaOH(aq) or NH 3 (aq)) will neutralize acids in the reaction: H 3 O(aq) ...

16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA 3.a salt of a strong acid and a weak base (SA–WB); 4.a salt of a weak acid and a weak base (WA–WB). So ...

BUFFER SOLUTIONS 297 Buffer solutions Adding small amounts of acids or alkalis may lead to drastic changes in solution pH The ad ...

298 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA BOX 16.2 pH of a jug of water contaminated with a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid Suppose we add ...

BUFFER SOLUTIONS 299 ethanoic acid is now ionized. Calculations show that in the presence of sodium ethanoate, the ionization of ...

16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA Buffer solutions may also be prepared by mixing a weak base and one of its salts (such as ammonia solu ...

ACID–BASE INDICATORS 301 Acid–base indicators are available in easy to use strips. Multiplying by 1, log [H 3 O(aq)]logKa(T ...

16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA How acid–base indicators work Acid–base indicators consist of molecules that have different molecular ...

VARIATION OF pH DURING AN ACID–BASE TITRATION 303 Variation of pH during an acid–base titration In an acid–base titration, base ...

304 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA ●The approximate pH ranges of phenolphthalein (8–10) and methyl orange (3–4) are also shown on Fig ...

BUFFERING ACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER 305 Buffering action of carbon dioxide in water Carbon dioxide in water Carbon dioxi ...