44 Scarcity and Surfeit
Men make states, and states make men; but this is still a limited view. One is led
to a search for the more inclusive nexus of causes, for states are shaped by the
international environment as are men by both the national and international
environments". This concern with including the insights of all three images in an
adequate understanding of the causes of war is repeatedly voiced throughout
Man, the state and war. For example, in the opening of Chapter IV on the second
image (internal structure of states) he says that "the conclusion is obvious: to
understand war and peace political analysis must be used to supplement [my
emphasis] and order the findings of psychology and sociology [first image]' (p
186). Waltz also says that "the first perspective without the second is mislead-
ing" and that "it has by now become apparent that there is a considerable inter-
dependence among the three images"' K Waltz, op cit, p 186.
102 D J D Sandole, Capturing the complexity of conflict. Dealing with violent ethnic
conflicts of the post-Cold War era. Pinter, London & New York, 1999.
103 lbid, p 18. This framework also includes Snyder et al's (1962, pp 62-74): (a) deci-
sion-making process, (b) internal setting of decision-making/social structure and
hehaviour of the decision-making state, and (c) external setting of decision making.
104 Sandole, op cit, p 178.
105 In Sandole's words: "The stepwise procedure was then used to develop models
for each of the dependent variables for each of the three developmental stages ...
in addition to exploring possible differences between the aggregated and disag-
gregated models, one objective here was to test Waltz at different levels of devel-
opment: when systems were relatively youthful, when they were into their 'mid-
dle years', and when they were mature ...' Ibid, p 74-75.
106 Ibid, p 129. Furthermore, the author says that "what is important to realise here
is that, although parties to conflict may wind up killing each other, they may have
come to that point from different 'startup conditions' (equifinality)': Ibid, p 112.
107 M S Lund, Preventing violent conflicts: A strategy for preventive diplomacy, U S
Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC, 1996, p 133-34 as cited in D J D
Sandole, Capturing the complexity of conflict. Dealing with violent ethnic conflicts
of the post-Cold War era. op cit, p 130.
108 Mitchell, op cit, p 52.
109 Jabri, op cit, p 6.
110 In this regard we discussed how psychological variables operating at the individ-
ual decision-making level contribute to the development of self-stimulating/self-
perpetuating conflict processes in their own right, becoming an important source
for the continuation and protractedness of any given conflict.
111 See for example, M E Brown, Introduction, The international dimensions of inter-
nal conflict. CSIA Studies in lnternational Security, The MIT Press, Cambridge
Massachusetts & London, 1996, p 1-33. As well as his The causes and regional
dimensions of internal conflict, The international dimensions of internal conflict,
CSIA Studies in International Security, The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts
&London, 1996, pp 571-603.
112 J Goodhand, with T Vaux & R Walker, Guide to conflict assessment, United
Nations Development Programme, Department for International Development,
Third Draft, Unpublished, September 2001, p 11. For these authors, structural
analysis entails looking at the long-term factors underlying violent conflict.