The Economist - USA (2022-01-29)

(Antfer) #1
The Economist January 29th 2022 Culture 71

ports  or  pieces  of  music.  On  D­Day  more
than  1,000  acts  of  railway  sabotage  were
initiated via the bbc. Things didn’t always
go  to  plan:  as  one  producer  put  it,  “They
would play the other band...and the wrong
bridge would get blown up in Poland.” 
The bbc’s wartime output also reflected
changes  at  home.  As  wirelesses  spread  to
poorer  households,  the  programming  be­
came  more  down  to  earth:  “The  Kitchen
Front” gave advice on making cheese from
sour  milk  and  cooking  bracken  fronds.  It
was also forced to become more fun. Dur­
ing the first winter of the war, up to a third
of  Britons  tuned  in  to  Nazi  broadcasters
such  as  William  Joyce,  nicknamed  Lord
Haw­Haw, who played livelier music than
Reith’s  austere  bbc.  The  bbc retaliated
with  the  Forces  Programme,  which  com­
bined  news  with  lashings  of  variety  and
music, and less God than in the past. This
winning mixture continued after the war.
The  loosening  of  social  attitudes  in
wartime was nothing compared with what
was  to  come.  One  cultural  battlefield  was
race.  The  stationing  of  130,000  African­
American  gis  in  Britain  had  obliged  the
bbc to make its programming more racial­
ly sensitive; but in 1950, following viewers’
complaints,  its  controller  of  television
ruled  that  “love  songs  between  white  and
coloured artists must be very scrupulously
considered”.  The  blackface  “Black  and
White  Minstrel  Show”  continued  until
1978,  more  than  a  decade  after  a  petition
had called for it to be axed.
Even  bigger  battles  were  waged  over
sex.  The  bbc was  to  blame  for  a  national
“moral collapse” in the 1960s and 1970s, be­
lieved  Mary  Whitehouse,  a  legendary
campaigner  against  “permissiveness”  on
television. By then tv aerials—the “devil’s
forks”, as they were known to some—were
sprouting on every rooftop. Reith himself,
now  retired,  lamented  after  the  launch  of
the  music  show  “Top  of  the  Pops”  in  1964
that  the  bbc “follows  the  crowd  in  all  the
disgusting  manifestations  of  the  age”.
When  Yoko  Ono  read  a  poem  about  her
miscarriage on the radio in 1968, the chair­
man  of  the  bbc’s  governors,  Charles  Hill,
objected on the grounds that she and John
Lennon were not married. 
Yet  in  the  same  year  the  bbc was  bold
enough to broadcast Harold Pinter’s “Land­
scape”,  a  play  deemed  too  filthy  for  the­
atres. Earlier it had launched “That Was the
Week That Was”, part of a national boom in
satire  that  included  Private Eyemagazine
and the “Beyond the Fringe” stage show. A
sense  of  anti­authoritarian  impertinence
became  so  ingrained  at  the  corporation
that the Sunday Telegraphnoted the rise of
an “anti­Establishment establishment”, an
echo  of  today’s  right­wing  complaints
about the liberal elite.
Broadcasting  also  reflected,  and  en­
abled, an erosion of class divisions. In 1937


ordinary subjects could listen to the coro­
nation  of  George  VI,  thanks  to  58  bbc mi­
crophones in and around Westminster Ab­
bey. Sixteen years later, bbc cameras were
let in to film the coronation of Elizabeth II.
Palace  officials  enforced  a  boundary  of  30
feet (nine metres), but hadn’t reckoned on
zoom  lenses,  which  the  bbc swapped  in
after  the  rehearsals.  In  1997  Princess  Di­
ana’s funeral was a test of the bbc’s nascent
website,  which  experimented  with  audio
and video clips for the occasion.
Mr Hendy, a professor at the University
of Sussex, combines a historian’s sense of
sweep with the eye for colour of the tvpro­
ducer  he  once  was.  His  is  an  authorised
account,  meaning  the  bbcgave  him  ar­
chive access but had no editorial control. It
is  heavy  on  the  bbc’s  first  half­century,
which  makes  up  three­quarters  of  the
book; the internet appears 500 pages in. 
Perhapsforthisreasonitisunpersua­
siveonhowthecorporationshoulddeal
with Hollywood’s streaming services,

which  already  outperform  the  public
broadcaster  among  young  audiences.  Mr
Hendy  thinks  the  bbc should  get  bigger
(implying a higher cost to the public). Net­
flix,  though,  spends  more  than  five  times
as much on content as the bbc. How much
more should young viewers be compelled
to  pay  for  an  entertainment  offering  they
have mostly rejected?
Still, in its 100 years the bbc has shown
a  knack  for  survival.  Winston  Churchill
and  Thatcher  both  tried  to  nobble  it,  and
failed.  Continental  broadcasters  and  pi­
rate­radio  stations  wooed  audiences  but
were  beaten  back.  Commercial  television
stations  outperformed  the  bbc at  first,
before  it  developed  more  popular  pro­
gramming. The age of YouTube presents a
challenge to a broadcaster that aims to in­
form and educate, as well as entertain. But
this balancing act, too, is not new. “The bbc
mustlead,notfollow,itslisteners,” wrote
Reith,“butit mustnotleadatsogreat a dis­
tanceastoshakeoffpursuit.” n

Clothingandtextiles

Finely spun yarns


T


hestateofa person’slinenswasonce
a  proxy  for  the  state  of  their  soul.  A
guide  to  manners  of  1740  advised  readers
that if their clothes were clean “and espe­
cially  if  your  linen  is  white...you  will  feel
your  best,  even  in  poverty.”  By  the  early
1780s,  simple  cleanliness  was  not  enough
for some. Fashionable Parisians sent their

dirty  laundry  across  the  Atlantic  to  Haiti
(then  the  French  colony  of  Saint­Domin­
gue),  to  be  bleached  in  the  equatorial  sun
with a touch of indigo. 
The result had “a fineness and an azure
whiteness entirely different from the linen
of France” and “drew everyone’s eyes”. Still,
linens used next to the skin, especially in
the bedchamber, could not escape the taint
of the illicit. Alleged fornicators and adul­
terers  in  the  American  colonies  had  to  do
penance  by  standing  in  churches  or  mar­
ketplaces while wearing only bed sheets. 

A clothes maven finds out where they come from

Worn: A People’s History of Clothing. By
Sofi Thanhauser. Pantheon; 400 pages; $30.
Allen Lane; £20

The end of the Silk Road
Free download pdf