27.Reel 691, Schiff to A. Orr, 24 Jan. 1895, to H. Bernstein, 29 Sept. 1914, to H.
Kallen, 20 Sept. 1918; reel 677, CA MSS; reel 684, Schiff to W. Taft, 12 Dec.
1911; reel 696, Schiff to A. Ochs, 3 Nov. 1902; reel 1978, Schiff to L. Moissiff,
26 Oct. 1915.
28.Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron (New York, 1977).
29.Reel 691, Schiff to AH, 5 June 1916, to J. Reynolds, 7 Oct. 1895, to W.
McKinley, 29 Dec. 1896, to S. Low, 3 Dec. 1901, to J. Mitchel, 12 Dec. 1913;
reel 686, Schiff to E. Cassel, 14 May 1914; reel 684, statement by William
McAdoo; Naomi W. Cohen, A Dual Heritage (Philadelphia, 1969), pp.
146–147.
30.Morton Rosenstock, Louis Marshall (Detroit, 1965), pp. 67–68; Wayne A.
Wiegand, “‘Jew Attack,’” American Jewish History 83 (Sept. 1995): 359–79;
reel 691, Schiff to L. Marshall, 21 Dec. 1904.
31.Reel 691, Schiff to O. Straus, 25 Aug. 1893; Philip Cowen, Memories of an
American Jew (New York, 1932), pp. 275–77; Cohen, Dual Heritage, pp.
61–62, 318, n16.
32.Reel 1978, C. Eliot to Schiff, 7 May 1915; reel 1981, C. Eliot to Schiff, 13, 15,
22 Mar., 11 Aug. 1917; Schiff to C. Eliot, 14 Mar. 1917; reel 688, Schiff to C.
Eliot, 20 Mar. 1917; reel 691, Schiff to C. Eliot, 7 Aug. 1917; Jewish Messenger,
28 Oct. 1887.
33.Cowen, Memories of an American Jew, p. 324.
34.Reel 685, H. Potter to Schiff, 11 Jan. 1898; reel 676, Schiff to H. Potter, 18
Jan. 1898; American Israelite, 2 Apr. 1908. Of a different stripe and less signifi-
cant to Schiff were the vulgar diatribes of the Populists accusing the “cunning”
Jew of controlling the world’s banking systems for his own advantage. Richard
Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York, 1955), pp. 77–81; see, for example,
James Goode, The Modern Banker (Chicago, 1896).
35.Reel 676, Schiff to E. Cassel, 6 Mar. 1888; reel 691, Schiff to T. Fowler, 20
May 1892, T. Fowler to Schiff, 20 May 1892.
36.Frederick Lewis Allen, The Lords of Creation (New York, 1966), p. 99; Judith S.
Goldstein, Crossing Lines (New York, 1992), p. 172, 174–75; reel 691, Schiff to
A. Hepburn, 27 Dec. 1909. “Five o’clock shadow,” an advertising phrase, was
applied to social discrimination by John Slawson, longtime executive director
of the AJC.
37.Leonard Dinnerstein, “Leo M. Frank and the American Jewish Community,”
Critical Studies in American Jewish History, 3 vols. (Cincinnati and New York,
1971), 3:34–51, and Dinnerstein, The Leo Frank Case (New York, 1968); reel
23, Schiff to J. Slaton, 11, 21 June 1915; reel 1977, Leo Frank file; reel 1978,
Schiff to A. Carnegie, 10 May 1915; reel 1979, Slaton file; Schiff papers (JTS
archives, Jerusalem), L. Marshall to Schiff, 10 May 1915, Schiff to L. Marshall,
13 May 1915; Rosenstock, Marshall, pp. 89–96.
38.Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion, news bulletin, July 1963;
reel 691, Schiff to H. Berkowitz, 24 Dec. 1917, to A. Elkus, 12 May 1919; reel
1984, H. Berkowitz to Schiff, 17 Jan. 1918.
39.Endelman, Radical Assimilation, chap. 4; Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish
Politics (New York, 1993), p.16.
40.B. C. Forbes, “America’s Thirty Richest,” Forbes Magazine, 2 Mar. 1918;
Notes to Chapter 2 261