individually. Some of the material is in Adler, Schiff, 2:201, 205–6, 210–25,
235–46,273–76, 287; see also NYT,10 Sept. 1914, 5, 12, 25 May 1917, 12
Apr., 13 Dec. 1918. For his personal contributions and service in patriotic or-
ganizations: reel 1985, Schiff to D. Duval, 8 Apr. 1918, to J. Wilson, 9 May
1918, R. Easley to Schiff, 25 Apr. 1918; reel 1981, Schiff to G. Creel, 30 Nov.
1917, to E. Anderson, 28 June 1917; reel 1983, J. Koettgen to Schiff, 25 Sept.
1918; reel 1984, Schiff to E. Bernays, 7 June 1918, to A. Rothstein, 28 Oct.
1918; James R. Mock and Cedric Lawson, Words That Won the War(Princeton,
N.J., 1939), pp. 217–19; NYT,19 Jan., 17 Feb. 1918.
39.NYT,4 May 1917.
40.John Higham, Strangers in the Land(New York, 1973), pp. 195, 204–7; Zosa
Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Communism,vol. 1 (New York, 1972), pp. 75–76,
135; Harry Barnard, The Forging of an American Jew(New York, 1974), p. 208.
An anti-Semitic atmosphere kept the government from utilizing the services
of Jews.
41.Rappaport, “Jewish Immigrants and World War I,” pp. 278–81; Ronald Sand-
ers, Shores of Refuge(New York, 1988), p. 297; Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Com-
munism, 1:115–18, chap. 10; reel 691, Schiff to R. Morris, 15 Apr. 1918; reel
1982, Schiff to E. Friedman, 5 July 1917, to H. Kallen, 25 July 1917, L. Mar-
shall to Schiff, 20 Apr. 1917; NYT,10 Nov. 1915, 4 May 1917.
42.American Jewish Year Book20 (1918–19): 391, 21 (1919–20): 627–29; AJC
archives, “Minutes of the Executive Committee,” 23 Sept., 11 Nov., 9 Dec.
1917, 13 Jan. 1918; Morton Rosenstock, Louis Marshall(Detroit, 1965), pp.
103, 106; reel 1985, Schiff to C. Rosebault, 9 Oct. 1918; reel 1986, L. Lash-
man to Schiff, 23 Feb. 1918.
43.Reel 691, Schiff to S. Untermyer, 1 Apr. 1917, to H. P. Mendes, 7 May 1918;
reel 1983, Schiff to J. Wilson, 6 Apr. 1917; NYT,letter to editor, 3 Apr. 1917;
Samuel Joseph, History of the Baron de Hirsch Fund(Fairfield, N.J., 1978), p.
225; Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Communism, p. 135.
44.Adler, “Schiff, 1:366–69, 2:225–27, 229–31; reel 689, Schiff to L. Arnstein, 2
Apr. 1917, to E. Brown, 4 Apr. 1918, to Mrs. Osborn, 1 July 1918; reel 1986,
American Red Cross file; NYT,31 Oct. 1913; Foster R. Dulles, The American
Red Cross (New York, 1950), p. 99.
45.Reel 689, Schiff to A. Lucas, 24 Aug. 1917, to H. Davison, 12 July 1917;
Dulles, American Red Cross, p. 143.
46.Shortly before Schiff’s death, Marshall complained to Davison about Red
Cross discrimination against Jews in postwar Poland. Reznikoff, Marshall,
1:290–94.
47.Reel 689, Schiff to A. Lucas, 24 Aug. 1917.
48.Adler, Schiff, 2:227–29; reel 689, Schiff to T. Roosevelt, 27 June 1917; reel
1982, Schiff to L. Marshall, 28 June 1917; reel 1983, Louis Wiley folder, S.
Wolf to Schiff, 18 July 1917; Oscar Straus papers (American Jewish Archives),
O. Straus to Schiff, 22 June 1917; Rosenstock, Marshall, pp. 108–9; NYT,27,
30 June 1917; American Jewish Year Book 21 (1919–20): 646–47.
49.Reel 23, Schiff to W. Wilson, 15 Jan. 1915; reel 1981, Schiff to L. Marshall, 22
Jan. 1917; Cohen, Not Free to Desist, pp. 52–53.
50.Reel 691, Schiff to H. Moskowitz, 20 Apr. 1917; NYT,29 Oct. 1917.290 Notes to Chapter 6