51.Thomas M. Henderson, Tammany Hall and the New Immigrants (New York,
1976), pp. 177–79, 224, 217–19; Rappaport, “Jewish Immigrants and World
War I,” p. 289; Will Herberg, “The Jewish Labor Movement in the United
States,” American Jewish Year Book 53 (1952): 32–33; NYT,24 Mar. 1917.
52.Rappaport, “Jewish Immigrants and World War I,” pp. 282–90; Henderson,
Tammany Hall, p. 228; Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Communism, pp. 145–47,
515; NYT,1 Nov. 1917; reel 1982, Fusion Committee file.
53.Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Communism, chap. 6; reel 1982, Schiff to W. Edi-
din, 14 Sept. 1917, J. Newman to Schiff, 15 Sept. 1917; reel 1978, J. Magnes to
Schiff, 23 Aug. 1915; Arthur A. Goren, ed., Dissenter in Zion(Cambridge,
1982), pp. 160, 162; Henderson, Tammany Hall and the New Immigrants,p. 235;
New York Tribune, 20 Oct. 1917. Another pacifist whom Schiff tolerated was
Lillian Wald.
54.Reel 679, Schiff to B. Kamenka, 23 Apr. 1917; reel 1981, P. Cravath to Schiff,
[Apr. 1917]; reel 1982, L. Marshall to Schiff, 8 June 1917. The editor of the
Forwardwrote the Timesquestioning the popular notion that the names of the
Bolshevik leaders proved that they were Jewish. NYT,13 June 1917.
55.Reel 1981, CA MSS, wire signed by Oscar Straus et al., [Apr. 1917]; reel 1982,
A. Guenzberg to Schiff, 24 Apr. 1917, L. Marshall to Schiff, 25 Apr. 1917; AJC
archives, “Minutes of the Executive Committee,” 16 May 1917; American Jew-
ish Year Book20 (1918–19): 371–73; NYT,29 Apr. 1917; Arthur A. Goren, New
York Jews and the Quest for Community(New York, 1970), p. 229.
56.Reel 1981, E. Root to Schiff, 4 May 1917; Szajkowski, Jews, Wars, and Commu-
nism, chap. 18; Cohen, Not Free to Desist, p. 99, NYT,4 May 1917.
57.Reel 22, Schiff to L. Wald, 25 Apr. 1917, to I. Tolstoy, 9 May 1917; reel 679,
Schiff to O. and E. Schiff, 1 May 1917; NYT,18, 25, 26 Mar., 10, 13, 29 Apr.
1917; Adler, Schiff, 2:256–57.
58.NYT,26 Mar., 13, 29 Apr., 11 May, 8, 18 July 1917; reel 22, Schiff to S. Asch, 8
May 1917; reel 692, Schiff to B. Kamenka, 15 May, 7 June, 11 July 1917; reel
1981, L. Marshall to E. Paul, 5 Apr. 1917. Schiff did not recoup the loans to
the Lvov government. Reel 1984, Schiff to S. Mason, 22 Nov. 1918.
59.NYT,13 Apr., 11 May, 18 July 1917; reel 22, Schiff to T. Rousseau, 5 July 1917,
to L. Wald, 11 July 1917.
60.Reel 1982, Schiff to L. Marshall, 2 July 1917; American Jewish Year Book 20
(1918–19): 374.
61.“Jewish War Relief Work,” American Jewish Year Book 19 (1917–18): 194–226;
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1988), pp.
241–45; reel 1978, C. Dumba to Schiff, 12 Feb. 1915, Schiff to J. Stolper, 1
June 1915; unsorted Schiff papers (American Jewish Archives), Schiff to M.
Warburg, 28 Jan., 16 Feb. 1915. During the war, Schiff continued to defend
Jewish immigration to the United States. He announced in 1915 after a trip to
states west of the Mississippi that at least two million Jews could be absorbed
there. Undertaken in part to ascertain American sentiment toward Jews, his
journey convinced him, he said, that they would be welcomed. On the same trip
the banker reportedly suggested that the United States purchase lower Califor-
nia from Mexico. If the story was true—and indeed he had rejected the idea
when first broached by Oscar Straus—it stemmed from the desire to prepare
Notes to Chapter 6 291