and right hemispheres,language and music “time share”many neuro-
logical underpinnings.
Figure 13.1 illustrates a number of brain areas (44,45,22,39,and 40
in Brodmann’s numbering system) that are classically associated with
specific language functions in the left hemispheres of humans.Arrows
indicate areas of prefrontal cortex (Petersen et al.1988;Martin et al.
1995) and neocerebellum (Petersen and Fiez 1993) that were only
recently identified as participating in the semantic processing of language
(e.g.,naming the use for a particular object).The production of names198 Dean Falk
Figure 13.1
Left hemisphere of the human brain.Lobes are labeled at their edges:F,frontal;T,tem-
poral;P,parietal;and O,occipital.C indicates the cerebellum.The homunculus is a simpli-
fication of the approximate organization of primary somatosensory (S) and primary motor
(M) cortices.Representations of the tongue (illustrated) and larynx are located below the
face regions.Numbers represent Brodmann’s areas that provide foci for specific linguistic
and musical processes.The Xs indicate an area that subserves writing;44 and 45 form
Broca’s speech area,and 22 and 39 form Wernicke’s area.Auditory areas 41 and 42 are not
illustrated because they are buried deep within the sylvian fissure (above area 22),as is
also the case for the planum temporale.Arrows indicate areas of prefrontal cortex and
neocerebellum that recently were shown to participate in linguistic and musical process-
ing.Stars represent areas activated on one or both sides as musicians sight-read,listened
to,and played a Bach partita with their right hands (Sergent et al.1992).It should be noted
that processing of language and music entails activation of more widely distributed net-
works than indicated here,and that each uses both hemispheres to some extent.See text
for discussion.Fig.13.1