16 Briefing Uttar Pradesh The Economist February 12th 2022
ment has been generous and farmers wax
enthusiastic. They tick off a litany of im
provements, from better power supply and
roads to schemes for insurance, compen
sation for flood damage and subsidised
seeds and fertiliser. “Tell me if we did not
vote for the bjp government, then for
whom?” asks Lalchand Patel, gesturing to
wards neat plantings of winter vegetables.
But in Shahpur, a village 30km to the
north of Ramna, lowercaste farmers com
plain of rising prices and of the feral cattle
that now wander the countryside since
they can no longer be sold. “Modiji fooled
us,” says Dinesh Dev Rajbhar. “They are
giving us a lollipop of five kilos of free
grain, but then their stray cows damage
kilos of our yields. Let them come this year,
we will answer them with our votes.”
In the village of Saidanpur, an hour’s
drive east of the state capital, Lucknow, a
farmer scoffs at Mr Adityanath’s boasts of
vikas, or development, of building broad
highways, medical colleges and a high
tech “defence corridor”. Come to my house
and I’ll show you development, he says.
Across a dirty ditch, through a muddle of
goats wearing castoffs against the winter
chill, he points in sarcastic triumph at a
low wall built of cow dung and a plastic
tarp held up by sticks: “This is my vikas.”
For all this, the double engine gives the
bjp the ability to make promises that
would not be credible from its smaller ri
vals. And it has its customary recourse to
dog whistles aimed at stoking sectarian
feeling. In an attempt to appeal to Jat farm
ers in western up, who have turned against
the bjpdue to the very poorly implemented
effort at farming reform, Amit Shah, In
dia’s home minister and Mr Modi’s right
hand man, told a rally that his party and
Jats shared the same ideology because
“both had fought against Mughal invad
ers”—a pointed reference to a Muslim dy
nasty that once ruled much of India. Mr
Adityanath has repeatedly insinuated that
under previous governments, only Mus
lims got government handouts, while
Muslim mafiosi made streets unsafe for re
spectable folk. “To them, Pakistan is dear,
but we sacrifice our lives to Mother India,”
he recently tweeted.
When it comes to putting such messag
es across, the bjp also has advantages in
terms of volunteers and cash. It fields a
quiet army of diligent organisers from a
constellation of powerful grassroots Hin
dutva groups. Its coffers are full, in part
thanks to a recent law that allows unlimit
ed anonymous funding of parties via “elec
toral bonds”, in part thanks to favours it
has granted to some of India’s wealthiest
(see Asia section).
Goodnight and good Lucknow
This wealth has been a boon to up’s news
papers, where fullpage adverts lauding Mr
Adityanath’s mighty achievements appear
daily, and to creators of posters, flags and
catchy jingles. Not that the bjphas to pay
for all its advantages in the media. Alt
news, an online factchecking site, re
vealed that nearly all the “random” inter
viewees in a voxpop segment on a local
television station were members or em
ployees of the bjp. This is not atypical.
Perhaps the biggest advantage that the
bjpenjoys, in upas nationally, is the frag
mentation of its opponents. Aside from a
smattering of smaller parties, most of
which aim to contest only a few of the
state’s 403 seats, there are three main chal
lengers: Congress, the bspand the sp. Hav
ing failed to come up with a formula by
which each party would stand down in
some seats to give one of the others a better
chance, they are condemned to fight each
other as well as Mr Modi’s behemoth.
Despite an interesting new emphasis
on attracting women voters, Congress is
widely dismissed as a spent force in the
state. The bsp, although still popular
among Dalits, no longer finds itself able to
push beyond that base. This leaves the sp
as the main contender. Its last stint in pow
er was lacklustre. In 2017 its share of the
vote fell from 29% to 22%. The party has
since rebuilt itself around Akhilesh Yadav,
the scion of a local political dynasty. Mr Ya
dav has successfully roped in at least seven
smaller parties, each with drawing power
in a local community, such as the Jats.
Perhaps more importantly, he has bene
fited from multiple defections. The sphas
welcomed quite a few obccandidates from
the bjpwho claim to have been misled by
Mr Adityanath and Mr Modi. This does not
just help the party appeal to more voters; it
is also a vote of confidence. In a state par
ticularly prone to horsetrading and jock
eying, ambitious players are betting on a
future in the sp.
Enjoying a base among his own caste
and an almost certain tactical vote from
most Muslims, Mr Yadav is banking on
capturing votes from a wide section of dis
gruntled communities. In at least half a
dozen villages, especially in western up,
bjpcandidates have been chased away by
hurled shoes, rocks and insults. This sug
gests that in some parts of the state, at
least, voters are not buying the bjp’s propa
ganda offensive.
Opinion polls indicate that Mr Modi’s
party’s grip on the state will slip a bit, but
not fail completely. Most predict the bjp
will lose 50 or more of its 303 seats, with
the spwinning perhaps 150. But several
pollsters put the bjpfirmly ahead in last
year’s state election in West Bengal, only to
see it humiliatingly trounced. And in up’s
electoral history, dramatic upsets, helped
by the firstpastthepost system, tactical
voting and fastshifting alliances, have
been more of a rule than an exception. The
state has a habit of punishing incumbents
for overconfidence, as the spcan attest.
The nearterm impact of a defeat for the
bjpwhen the votes are counted on March
10th would be limited. Because state elec
tors get a vote on who becomes president,
fewer bjplegislators would make it less
likely for that vote, which will take place in
July, to produce a president aligned with
the party. That might have some effect on
the degree of constitutional change he
could undertake, but the president’s pow
ers are pretty scant. In the longer term,
though, it could have a profound effect on
the bjp, tempering its triumphalism. And a
true drubbing would throw Mr Modi’s re
election in 2024 into doubt. Whether it
would alsoimprove the prospects of this
vast, poor stateremains an open question.
Heir apparent? Little else has.n