Dairy Ingredients for Food Processing

Dairy Ingredients in Infant and Adult Nutrition Products 517

needs resulted in signifi cant nutritional

defi ciencies and unacceptably high infant

mortality. Infant formula innovations across

the centuries are given in Table 20.3 (Hansen

and Diener, 1997 ; Benson and Masor, 1994 ;

Committee on the Evaluation of the Addition

of Ingredients New to Infant Formula, 2004 ).

As shown in Table 20.4 , the milk protein

combinations commonly used in commercial

infant formulas, while adequate in supplying

protein nutrition, still do not replicate the

protein composition of breast milk. The more

esoteric and complex benefi ts derived from

functionality, a key challenge the industry
faces is delivering innovation within regula-
tory, cost, and benefi t expectations.

Innovations in Infant Nutrition

The fi rst intentionally designed infant formu-
las were produced in response to problems
generated by the use of condensed skim milk
as a mother ’ s milk replacement in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. Differences
in composition between bovine and human
milks (Table 20.2 ) and vitamin and mineral

Table 20.2. General composition of human and cow ’ s milk.

Contents Human milk Cow ’ s milk

Fat

Total (g/100 ml) 4.2 3.8

Fatty acids < 8 ° C * Trace 6

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (%) 14 3

Protein (g/100 ml)

Total 1.0 – 1.3 3.0 – 3.3

Casein 0.3 2.5

Whey 0.7 0.5

Casein : whey ratio 40 : 60 80 : 20

Carbohydrate (g/100 ml)

Lactose 7.0 4.8

Oligosaccharides 0.5 0.005

Minerals (g/100 ml) 0.2 0.7

* Chain length, in carbons

Source: http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F174e/8F174E04.htm

Table 20.3. Infant formula developmental timeline.

Future Will depend on understanding of disease states, nutrient bioavailability, etc.

2000s Long - chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) introduced

Choline fortifi cation

Probiotics/prebiotics

Late 1990s Nucleotide fortifi cation

1980s Taurine fortifi cation

Infant Formula Act

1960s Iron fortifi cation considered

Renal solute load considered

Concentrated liquid formula

Whey : casein ratio similar to human milk

1940s Hypoallergenic formula for allergy management

Protein content of the formula considered

1920s Commercially available soy formula

1900s Carbohydrate additive

Moores and Ross Milk CO makes Franklin Infant Food — forerunner of Similac

Human milk fat simulated in SMA formula

1850s Human milk simulation by adding carbohydrates to cow ’ s milk

1750s Cow ’ s milk dilution