Philosophy of Biology
NEUTRALISM Anya Plutynski In 1968, Motoo Kimura submitted a note toNatureentitled “Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level”, in ...
130 Anya Plutynski manyphenotypictraits have no effect on an organism’s fitness. The organism’s phenotypeconsists of its physica ...
Neutralism 131 view maintained, and occasionally, favorable mutations arise that are eventually incorporated into the population ...
132 Anya Plutynski 2 RECEPTION OF THE THEORY When Kimura first proposed his theory, James Crow writes that: ”The initial respons ...
Neutralism 133 would be followed by changes in the genes that in time would result in differences in the two cytochrome c molecu ...
134 Anya Plutynski 4 TESTS OF THE NEUTRAL THEORY: In order to test the neutral theory of molecular evolution, we have to know wh ...
Neutralism 135 result in many possible configurations of linked variation or change. The challenge of detecting selection at the ...
136 Anya Plutynski one level is neutral, and that at another level, it is strongly controlled by selection. This may seem like a ...
Neutralism 137 the same way that the fact that automobiles have internal combustion engines is a cause of the long lines for gas ...
138 Anya Plutynski 6 WHAT IS DRIFT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEUTRAL THEORY? The classical models of drift were generated before bio ...
Neutralism 139 drift, whether or not population size has been manipulated. Put differently, any and all change in distribution o ...
140 Anya Plutynski [Kreitman, 2000]M. Kreitman. Methods to detect selection in populations with applications to the human.Annual ...
LEVELS OF SELECTION Robert A. Wilson 1 INTRODUCTION The generality of the theory of natural selection is both a virtue and, if n ...
142 Robert A. Wilson the idea that natural selection acts at the level of the individual organism emerged from the Synthesis sti ...
Levels of Selection 143 which selection acts from two fronts: from “the gene below”, as well as from “the group above”. Over the ...
144 Robert A. Wilson that it is the former which are the real agents or units of selection, and the latter that play some supple ...
Levels of Selection 145 manifestors of adaptations — their complex design was obvious before Darwin. Perhaps because of this, th ...
146 Robert A. Wilson The only difference between (i′)–(iii′) and (i)–(iii) is the occurrence of “groups” in place of “organisms” ...
Levels of Selection 147 fitness have been used in the literature in different ways. Proponents of trait group selection, such as ...
148 Robert A. Wilson of the individual engaging in the behavior, and thus that decreases therelative fitness of the “altruistic” ...
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