diversity,definitionsofphotographyhavetendedtorelyuponcompari-
sonandcontrast.Painting,literature,sculpture,theatreandcinemahave
offereddifferentwaystoconsiderwhatphotographyis.Notsurprisingly,
differentideashaveemerged.Paintingputstheemphasisonquestionsof
descriptionandactuality.Literatureputstheemphasisonrealismand
expression.Sculptureemphasizesmattersofvolumeandflatness.Theatre
emphasizestheperformative.Cinematendstoemphasizeaspectsof
durationandtheframe(Iamsimplifying,ofcourse).Suchapproaches
areunavoidableandweseetheminallkindsofdiscussionofphotography,
bothpopularandspecialist.
Perhapsthefirstgreatattempttobringcinemaandphotography
togetherformutualdefinitionwastheambitiousFilm und Fotoexhibition
heldinStuttgartin 1929.^3 ItwasorganizedbytheDeustscheWerkbund,
whichhadgrownoutoftheArtsandCraftsmovementattheturnofthe
centuryinpursuitofthereconciliationofartandtechnology.Bytheend
ofthe 1920 sfilmhadestablisheditselfasamediumofpopularentertain-
mentandnews.Photographyhadalsobecomeamassmediumviathe
illustratedpress.Meanwhile,artisticphotographywasemergingfromits
fawningimitationofpaintingtopursueamodernindependenceofsorts,
whileseekingmoreprogressivealignments,particularlywithfilm.
Theshowdrewtogethernearlyathousandphotographs,including
imagesofoldParisbyEugèneAtget;theDadaandpoliticalphotomon-
tagesofJohnHeartfieldandHannahHöch;theNewVisionphotographs
ofGermaineKrull,AenneBiermann,AlbertRenger-PatzschandLászló
Moholy-Nagy;thecrispformalismoftheAmericansBrettandEdward
Weston;camera-lessabstractimagesbyManRay;photo-textgraphicsby
PietZwart,ElLissitzkyandKarelTeige;andportrait,fashion,industrial,
scientific,sportsandnewsphotography.^4 Inotherwords,Film und Foto
characterizedphotographythroughitsbreadth.Inaddition,therewas
afilmfestivalprogrammedbyHansRichterdisplayingthevanguard
cinemaofEurope,SovietRussiaandNorthAmerica,includingthework
ofCharlieChaplin,RenéClair,SergeiEisenstein,VsevolodPudovkin,
DzigaVertov,RobertWieneandCarlTheodorDreyer.Somepractitioners
showedtheirphotographsandfilms.Indeed,oneoftheaimsofFilm und
Fotowastohighlighthowcentralthephotographicsensibilitywastothe 9
2PosterfortheFilmundFotoexhibition,
Stuttgart,1929.Anonymous.