198 Between Private and Public
10.arry Harootunian, H Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and
Community in Interwar Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2000), xii.
11.nstead, Harootunian suggests the term “co-eval” modernity, which inti- I
mates contemporaneity. Harootunian, Overcome by Modernity, xvi.
12.t is this normative appeal associated with a strong agenda of democratic I
expansion and citizenship in the Middle East that seems to have secured
funding for numerous international conferences, workshops and publica-
tions on the public sphere.- Eley, “Politics, Culture and the Public Sphere,” 224.
14.mi Zubaida, “The Public and the Private in Islamic Law and Society” 1, Sa
Aga Khan University, 2 August 2005, http://www.aku.edu/ismc/privpub-
post.shtml.
15.ee Keith Michael Baker, S Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on
French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1990), 171–172. Baker’s assessment (especially in
chapter 8) of “the public” and “public opinion” as political and ideological
constructs has been influential in formulating my argument. However, my
argument departs from Baker’s in that I place more emphasis on the new
strategies of governance.
16.ichel Foucault, “Governmentality,” in M The Foucault Effect: Studies in
Governmentality, edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter
Miller (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991). See also Mitchell
Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London: Sage,
1999).
17.specially on matters of law and taxation, see Huri İslamoğlu, ed., E
Constituting Property: Private Property in the East and West (London:
I. B. Tauris, 2004), especially chapters 1 and 9 on the nineteenth-cen-
tury Ottoman Empire. See also Huri İslamoğlu, “Property as a Contested
Domain: A Reevaluation of the Ottoman Land Code of 1858,” in New
Perspectives on Property and Land in the Middle East, edited by Roger
Owen (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
18.nthony Giddens, A The Nation State and Violence: Volume Two of a
Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1985), 46.