CONTENTS [CONTENTS] 22
12.2.5 Vibration................................... 424
12.2.6 Motion of electrons around the nucleus................... 425
12.3 Interaction of molecules with electromagnetic radiation.............. 428
12.3.1 Wave characteristics of radiation...................... 428
12.3.2 Particle characteristics of radiation..................... 429
12.3.3 Spectrum................................... 429
12.3.4 Electronic spectra............................... 430
12.3.5 Vibrational and rotational spectra...................... 432
12.3.6 Raman spectra................................ 433
12.3.7 Magnetic resonance spectra......................... 43413 Physical chemistry of surfaces 436
13.1 Phase interface.................................... 436
13.1.1 Interfacial tension............................... 436
13.1.2 Generalized Gibbs equations......................... 437
13.1.3 Interfacial energy............................... 437
13.1.4 Surface tension and surface energy..................... 439
13.1.5 Work of cohesion, work of adhesion, and spreading coefficient....... 439
13.1.6 Contact angle................................. 440
13.1.7 Laplace-Young equation and Kelvin equation................ 441
13.1.7.1 Kelvin’s equation.......................... 443
13.1.8 Temperature dependence of surface tension................. 443
13.1.9 Dependence of surface tension on solution composition.......... 444
13.1.10Gibbs adsorption isotherm.......................... 445
13.1.11Surface films.................................. 448
13.2 Adsorption equilibria................................ 450
13.2.1 Qualitative description of adsorption.................... 450
13.2.2 Adsorption heat................................ 451
13.2.3 Physical adsorption and chemisorption................... 451
13.2.4 Quantitative description of the adsorption isotherm in pure gases.... 452
13.2.5 Langmuir isotherm for a mixture of gases.................. 453
13.2.6 Capillary condensation............................ 454
13.2.7 Adsorption from solutions on solids..................... 454