5.1 Basic Knowledge of Particle Physics.
wheree,μ,τare the electron, the muon, the tau, andνe,νμ,ντare thee-neutrino, theμ-
neutrino, theτ-neutrino. Together with their antiparticles, there are total 12 leptons:
particles: (e−,νe), (μ−,νμ), (τ−,ντ),
antiparticles: (e+,νe), (μ+,νμ), (τ+,ντ).2.Quarks.Based on the standard model, there are three generations of quarks consisting
of 6 particles and 6 antiparticles, which participate all four fundamental interactions:
quarks: (u,d), (c,s), (t,b),
antiquarks: (u,d), (c,s), (t,b),whereu,d,c,s,t,bare the up quark, down quark, charm quark, strange quark, topquark, and
bottom quark.
The quark model asserts that three quarks are bounded together to form a baryon, and a
pair of quark and antiquark are bounded to form a meson. As mentioned in Section4.5.3,
quarks are confined in hadrons, and no free quarks have been found in Nature. This phe-
nomena is called the quark confinement, which has been very well explained by the layered
formulas of strong interactions in the last chapter.
3.Mediators.The standard model shows that each interaction is associated with a class
of field particles, called mediators. Hence, there are four classes of mediators:
Gravitation: gravitonG,
Electromagnetism: photonγ,
Weak interaction: vector and Higgs bosonsW±,Z,H±,H^0 ,
Strong interaction: gluonsgk( 1 ≤k≤ 8 ).By the unified field theory introduced in the last chapter, there exists a natural duality
between the interacting fields{gμ ν,Aμ,Wμa,Skμ}and their dual fields{φμg,φe,φwa,φsk}:
gμ ν↔φμg,
Aμ ↔φe,
Wμa↔φwa, 1 ≤a≤ 3 ,
Skμ ↔φsk, 1 ≤k≤ 8.This duality leads to four classes of new dual particle fields, called the dual mediators:
(5.1.1)
tensor gravitonG ↔ vector gravitong,
vector photonγ ↔ scalar photonγ 0 ,
charged vector bosonsW± ↔ charged Higgs bosonsH±,
neutral vector bosonZ ↔ neutral Higgs bosonH^0 ,
vector gluonsgk ↔ scalar gluonsgk 0 , 1 ≤k≤ 8 ,