lecturer may have been overstated. He was only part-time and only taught
from 1855 to 1866 (Klindt-Jensen 1975). When he left, teaching in prehistoric
archaeology did not start again until 1880, and the sudden death of the
lecturer the following year meant a vacancy for this discipline in Danish
universities that would last for many years (Wiell 2006).
Another issue that should be commented on in relation to Denmark is the
excavations of mounds of shells interpreted as Kitchen Midden or, in Danish,
Kjokkenmoeding, towards the end of the 1840s and the emergence of an
interdisciplinary research group for their study, the First Kitchen Midden
Commission of 1849–69. This was formed by Worsaae together with the
zoologist Japetus Steenstrup (1813–97) and the geologist Johan Georg For-
chammer. The commission based its work in carefully documented observa-
tions of stratigraphy, context and typology made on the bases of primary data
obtained in Weld investigations (Kristiansen 2002). Their research was
made public in the International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and
Archaeology (Congre`s International d’anthropologie et d’arche ́ologie pre ́his-
torique, CIAPP), especially during its fourth meeting in Copenhagen in 1869
(Chapter 13).
At a diVerent level, including professionals and non-professionals, antiquar-
ians’ interest fostered the creation of new learned societies and journals. 4 A
number of societies dealing with medieval archaeology have been discussed in
the section about nation-building. A few associations previously founded had
been exclusively centred on archaeology. The diVerence now was that some
focused their interest on their own regions. This led to a signiWcant multipli-
cation in their number, with only a few having their headquarters in the state
capital. There are many examples of regional associations. One of them was the
Belfast Natural History Society founded in 1821, which had within its remit
the study of antiquities (Waddell 2005: 116). In Britain, between 1834 and
1836, twelve new antiquarian societies were set up, many with their own
scholarly journals (Banham & Harris 1984a: 66). 1836 saw the launch of the
Proceedings of the Numismatic Society of Londonand of John Yonge Akerman’s
Numismatic Journal, which were later fused as theNumismatic Chronicle
(Wetherall 1998: 27). From the 1840s the rising interest in archaeology led to
the creation of societies in most British regions. TheWrst County Society was
that of the Norfolk Archaeological Society inaugurated in 1845, soon followed
by the Cambrian and Sussex societies of 1846, a move in which Ireland also
participated with the creation of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society in 1849.
4 Another type of institution which could perhaps be included in this section is that of the
Great Exhibition, that held at the Crystal Palace in 1851 in London and the Great Industrial
Exhibition in Dublin in 1853, the latter containing an important display of antiquities (Waddell
2005: 124).
362 National Archaeology in Europe