RUSSIAN EMPIRE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
CAUCASUS
KURDISTAN
BALUCHISTAN
PUNJAB
TIBET
PAMIR
KASHMIR
HINDU KUSH
TAKLAMAKAN
DESERT
LOP DESERT
GANSU
MONGOLIA
GOBI
Urumqi
Turfan
Ganzhou
Lhasa
Lanzhou
Dunhuang
Chang’an
Beijing
Ulan Bator
Kashgar
Samarkand
Balkh
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Calcutta
Delhi Bombay
Lahore
Islamabad
Srinigar
Miran
Niya
Uiliq
Dandan
Khotan
Gilgit
Bamiyan
Tehran Persepolis
MedinaMecca
Merv
Baku
Moscow
Black Sea
AralSea
Lop Nor
EastChinaSea
SouthChinaSea
Bay ofBengal
Arabian
Sea
GulfOman
PersianGulf
RedSea
Tarim
Caspian
Sea
Baghdad
AntiochPalmyra
Kermanshah
Damascus
Beirut
Basra
Tashkent
Bukhara
Kabul
HIM
ALAYAS
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN
CHINA
INDIA
IRAQ
Map 2
The Silk Road (based on Whitfield 2004: 6–7)
410 Maps