CHINABURMA
LAOSSIAMCAMBODIAVIETNAMMALAYSIAPHILIPPINESCELEBESLESSER SUNDA
ISLANDSMOLUCCASNEW
GUINEA
PAPUAGERMAN
NEW
GUINEAJakarta / BataviaBanjarmasinSingaporeBenkulenMalaccaPenang
PenhPhnomCochin
ChinaSaigonBangkokAnnamHueManilaHong
KongSouth
China
SeaIndian
OceanPacific
OceanGulf
of SiamHanoiMandalay TonkinBRITISH
NORTH
BORNEO
SARAWAKJAVAFORMOSA
(TAIWAN)BORNEOSUMATRAINDONESIAMap 3Nineteenth-century Southeast Asia (based on Dixon 1991: map 1.1)
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