The Sociology of Philosophies

they depicted, these stories of six or eight generations past were now used as cases (Japanese: koan) on which students were tes ...

Ch’an creativity disappeared into the dominance of Neo-Confucianism, and with it ended fresh intellectual developments in Chines ...

FIGURE 6.4. NEO-CONFUCIAN MOVEMENT AND THE WINNOWING OF ZEN, 935–1265 ...

Political Struggle and the Wang An-shih Economic Reforms The Sung dynasty was experiencing a takeoff of economic growth, making ...

Hsun (317) and his son Su Shih (1036–1101), one of the most famous of all Chinese poets—and, despite political enmity, a literar ...

relatives of officials (Chaffee, 1985: 15–23). These and other preferential paths for families already in the elite remained and ...

of intellectual life brought about by the expansion of examinations. For the most part, gentry prepared for the competitions by ...

their schools depended on the intensified demand. Organizational expansion of the means of intellectual production created the c ...

the content of literati culture. The traditional ritualism and particularistic deities whose worship the Confucians supported as ...

trines. Shao Yung developed his cosmology from a chain of Taoist numerolo- gists, interpreters of diagrams based on the Yi Ching ...

Taoist masters, rarely referred to him substantively, and called him disparag- ingly (and somewhat inaccurately) “poor Zen broth ...

uncle Chang Tsai, and the scientist-statesman Ssu-ma Kuang. The Ch’eng brothers’ contacts, even with the positions they rejected ...

of utilitarian versus literary cultivation. The lines of these scholarly networks that became Neo-Confucianism consisted of thos ...

These scholarly movements were rooted in the increasing focus on formal civil service examinations. From beginnings early in the ...

the preceding years by personal links. In the T’ang, both the literary reformers and the Crown Prince’s practical reformers were ...

Confucianism, which had been in existence among critical scholars since the later Han. Chu Hsi incorporated much contemporary na ...

victory which lay within their reach. The pattern of opposition was repeated three times. Typically opposition starts off when a ...

umphs and denunciation and punishment. During a period of banishment, he experienced “enlightenment” while meditating on the nat ...

waves of oppositional Neo-Confucians, Wang and his followers attacked the standard of literary compositions and rote memorizatio ...

world was in late antiquity;^13 in India, Buddhist Yogacara and Hindu Advaita Vendanta arose well into the medieval period; in E ...