4. SYNTAX
4.3.6. Anaphora
Here we will discuss (i) the means of expressing anaphora and (ii)
the domains of anaphora. Anaphora in Hindi may be personal
pronouns, reflexives, zero pronouns (i.e., null elements PRO or pro)
or quasi-pronouns.
In a narrative text or natural discourse, deletion is a prominent
device in expressing the anaphora, e.g.,
- ek idna maOMnao ek baccao kao rasto pr raoto doKa ̧
ek din m ́~ne ek bacce ko ra:ste par rote hue dekha:,
one day I-erg one child-dat road-obl on weep-ptc saw
pUCa tuma kaOna haoÆ
pu:cha: tum køn ho?
asked you who are
One day I saw a child crying on the road; I asked (him),
Who are you?
In the above example, the anaphoric subject and object (the child)
become accessible by means of deletion or zero anaphora in the
second sentence. They are recoverable from the first sentence.
Since the verb agrees with the subject and/or object in gender,
number, and person, depending on various kinds of constructions,
the subject and object can be deleted.
- maaohna Co bajao Gar phuÐcaa ̧ kpD,oo badlao AaOr Aayaa.
Mohan che baje ghar pahũca:, kapre badle ør a:ya:.
Mohan reached home six-abl hour clothes changed and came
Mohan reached home at six oclock; (he) changed his clothes
and he came here.
Anaphoric elements are frequently in the third person, and they are
often expressed by personal pronouns.
- maaohna AaOr ]sakI p%naI saOr krnao gae ̧ ]sakao zaokr lagaI
mohan ør uski: patni: s ́r karne gaye, usko thokar lagi:
Mohan and his wife walk do-inf-obl went he-dat stumbled
AaOr igar gayaa.
ør gir gaya: