Modern Hindi Grammar - Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS)

3. MORPHOLOGY

Case Noun + Marker
Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl Sg Pl
Direct laD,ka laD,ko laD,kI laD,ikyaaÐ
larka: larke larki: larkiyã:
Oblique laD,ko laD,kaoM laD,kI laD,ikyaaoM
larke larkõ larki: larkiyõ

Vocative Aao o/ ho he/ Aro are laD,ko larke Oh boy
Aao o/ ho he/ Aro are laD,kao larko Oh boys
e e/ ho he/ Aro are laD,kI larki: Oh girl
e e/ ho he/ Aro are laD,ikyaao larkiyo Oh girls

Case-suffixes followed by postpositions indicate various
relationships between the noun phrases and the verb phrases.

3.1.2. Postpositions

Postpositions have specific semantic functions. They express the
semantic dimensions of a noun such as benefaction, manner, or
location. The main postpositions are: nao ne ‘ergative marker’; kao ko
‘to’; ko ilae ke liye ‘for’; pr par ‘on’; maoM mẽ ‘in’; sao se ‘from’; sao se
‘with’; ka /ko /kI ka/ke/ki: ‘of’.’ The postpositions are written as
separate words with nouns (Aimat nao amit ne, ]maa kao uma: ko), but they
are tagged to pronouns (maOMnao m ́~ne ]sakao usko, iksaka kiska:).

3.1.2.1. The Postposition nao ne

The postposition nao ne is used with subject noun phrases usually with
the transitive verbs in the past tense. The verb agrees with the object.

1. maOMnao p~ ilaKa.
   m ́~ne patr likha:
   I-erg letter wrote
   I wrote a letter.

1a. maOMnao p~ ilaKa.
m ́~ patr likha: