3. MORPHOLOGY
ko pasa/inakT/naja,dIk/samaIp ke pa:s/nikat/nazdi:k/sami:p near
ko }pr ke upar above
ko pUva- ke pu:rv before
ko pit (^) ke prati for, toward ko pitkUla/ivaÉw/ivaprIt ke pratiku:l/virudh/vipri:t against
ko ibanaa isavaa/bagaOr ke bina:/siva:/bag ́r without
ko badlao (^) ke badle in place of
ko barabar/samaana ke bara:bar/sama:n equal
ko baahr (^) ke ba:har outside of
ko baIca/maQya ke bi:c/madhya inside of
ko lagaBaga (^) ke lagbhag about
ko ilae/vaasto ke liye/va:ste for
ko yaaogya/laayak ke yogya/la:yak appropriate
ko samaot/saaqa ke samet/sa:th along with
ko saamanao (^) ke sa:mne in front of
ko maukabalao (maoM) ke muka:ble (mẽ) comparison to
ko yahaÐ/haÐ ke yahã:/hã: at some place
(ii) kI ki:
kI Aaor/trf ki: or/taraf towards
kI Apoxaa ki: apekša: in comparison with
kI trh/BaaÐit ki: tarah/bhã:ti like
kI jagah (^) ki: jagah in place of
(iii) sao se
sao baahr se ba:har out of
sao phlao se pahle before
The compound postpositions are employed to express various
semantic expressions in combination with other elements. There are,
however, alternate ways of expression possible where postpositions
are not used. Examples of the usage of various semantic expressions
are given below.
Cause is expressed either by the (i) postposition sao se; or by the (ii)
compound forms ko karNa ke ka:ran ‘for the reason of,’ and rkI Aaor ki:
or ‘side.’