leadership and motivation in hospitality

framework containing the essential four (trait, behavioural, situational and
transformational) approaches; House and Aditya (1997) use a similar
categorisation to Bryman (1992) and include detailed discussion on ten emergent
leadership research approaches; Lowe and Gardner (2000) provide an excellent
and detailed review of studies, theoretical approaches and methods employed in
articles published in the Leadership Quarterly journal during the 1990s; and, most
recently, Antonakis et al. (2004a) provide a fresh categorisation along with an
evaluation of the current levels of activity in each of their ‘schools’ of leadership
research.

Table 2 - 2 summarises the categories employed by Bryman in his 1992 review –
this can be regarded as the ‘standard model’ for describing the development of
leadership research

Period Approach Core Theme

Up to late 1940s Trait approach Leadership ability is innate

Late 1940s to late
1960s Style (behavioural) approach^

Leadership

effectiveness is to do

with how the leaders

behaves

Late 1960s to
early 1980s

Contingency (situational)

approach

It all depends; effective

leadership is affected by

the situation

Since early 1980s

New leadership approach

(inc. transformational and

charismatic leadership)

Leaders need vision

Source: Bryman (1992: 1)

Table 2-2 Thematic reviews of leadership studies......................................

Van Seters and Field’s (1990) evolutionary tree of leadership theories is illustrated
in Figure 2 - 1. This model represents a more nuanced disaggregation of the major
approaches to leadership research. In addition, it provides an excellent
representation of not only how leadership theories have emerged over time but
also of how the emergent theories have been informed by their antecedents.