orbit
circular, 98
order-of-magnitude estimates, 43
oscillations, 115
damped, 176
overdamped
electrical, 622
mechanical, 189
steady state, 180
Otto cycle, 340
Otto, Nikolaus, 340
overdamped oscillations
electrical, 622
mechanical, 189
ozone layer, 870
paddlewheel experiment, 76
pair production, 439, 462
parallel axis theorem, 276, 302
parallel circuit
defined, 547
paramagnetism, 740
parity
operator in quantum mechanics, 980
Parmenides, 55
partial derivative, 220, 652
particle
definition of, 878
particle in a box, 897
particle model of light, 769, 816
pascal
unit, 309
pascal (unit), 208
path of a photon undefined, 879
Pauli exclusion principle, 18, 938, 984
Peaucellier linkage, 841
Pelton waterwheel, 193
Penrose singularity theorem, 453
Penrose, Roger, 453
period
of waves, 365
periodic table, 483, 501, 938
permeability, 737
permittivity, 736
perpetual motion machine, 73
phase in quantum mechanics
not observable, 894, 915, 966, 974, 978
phase velocity, 896
photoelectric effect, 873
photon
Einstein’s early theory, 872
energy of, 875
in three dimensions, 887
spin of, 934
physics, 16
pillbox
Gaussian, 649
pilot wave theory, 966
Planck’s constant, 875
Planck, Max, 875
polarization, 726
Pope, 36
positron, 435, 513
positron decay, 512
potential
electrical, 536
Pound-Rebka experiment, 448
power, 80
electrical, 536
Poynting vector, 754
praxinoscope, 779
pressure, 308
as a function of depth, 208
defined, 208
probabilities
addition of, 859
normalization of, 859
probability distributions
averages of, 862
widths of, 862
probability distributions, 861
probability interpretation, 879
protein molecules, 918
proton
spin of, 934
Pythagoras, 764quality factor, 180
quantization, 485
of mass, 69
quantum dot, 897
quantum mechanics
measurement problem, 998
quantum moat, 919
quantum numbers, 926
quantum physics, 856Index 1099