112 PREPARATION OF SCHOOL LEADERS
REFERENCES
Barrows, H. S. (1987). Simulated patients and other human simulations. Health Sciences Consortium. Chapel
Hill, NC.
Barrows, H. S., & Abrahamson, S. (1964). The programmed patient: A technique for appraising clinical
performance in clinical neurology. Journal of Medical Education, 39 , 802–805.
Bauck, J. (1987). Characteristics of the effective middle school principal. NASSP Bulletin, 171, 90–92.
Educational Leadership Constituent Council. (1995). National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher
Education: Curriculum guidelines for advanced programs in educational leadership for principals,
superintendents, curriculum directors, and supervisors. Washington, DC: National Policy Board for
Educational Administration.
Fraser, R. C., McKinley, R. K., & Mulholland, H. (1994). Consultation competence in general practice: Testing
the reliability of the Leicester assessment package. British Journal of General Practice, 44 , 293–296.
Haller, E. J., Brent, B. O., & McNamara, J. F. (1997). Does graduate training in educational administration
improve America’s.
Harden, R. M., & Gleeson, F. (1979). Assessment of clinical competence using an objective structured clinical
examination. Medical Education, 13 , 41.
Hoyle, J. R., English, F. W., & Steffy, B. F. (1998). Skills for successful 21st century school leaders: Standards
for peak performers. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.
Klass, D. J. (1994). High-stakes testing of medical students using standardized patients. Teaching and Learning
in Medicine, 6, 28–32.
Langsley, D. G. (1991). Medical competence and performance assessment: A new era. Journal of American the
Medical Association, 266, 977–980.
Sharp, P. C., Pearce, K. A., Konen, J. C., & Knudson, M. P. (1996). Using standardized patient instructors to
teach health promotion interviewing skills. Family Medicine, 28 , 103–106.
Silverman, J. D., Kurtz, S. M., & Draper, J. (1997). The Calgary-Cambridge approach to communication skills
teaching. Education in General Practice, 8, 16–23.
Sirotnik, K. A., & Durden, P. C. (1998). The validity of administrator performance assessment systems: The
ADI as a case-in-point. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(4), 539–564
Stillman, P. L., & Swanson, D. B. (1987). Ensuring the clinical competence of medical school graduates through
standardized patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 1,049–1,052.
Stillman, P. L., Sabars, D. L., & Redford, D. S. (1976). Use of paraprofessionals to teach interviewing skills.
Pediatrics, 57, 769–774.
Vu, N. V., & Barrows, H. S. (1994). Use of standardized patients in clinical assessments: Recent developments
and measurement findings. Educational Researcher, 23, 23–30.
Williamson, S. A., & Schaalman, M. L. (1980). The assessment of occupational competence assessment centers:
Theory, practice, and implications of education (Report No. 4000-789-0028). Washington, DC:
National Institute of Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED191166).