434 index
constitution, 311–314
consumer behaviour. see also basic
commodities; consumption
al-Shaibànìon, 199–200
theory of, 65–66, 375–379
wants and needs concept, 377–378
consumption. see also consumer
behaviour
and asceticism, 212
association with earnings, 198–200
concept of moderation, 40, 108
effect on economic development, 277
al-Ghazàlìon, 122, 250–251, 377–378
Ibn Khaldùn on, 276–278
Islamic approach to, 6, 8, 65–73, 90
levels of, 41–42, 250–251, 377–378
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 239–240
social function of, 376–377
Contemporary Zakàh (Abù-Saud, M.),
359–360
contracts, 265–266, 268
conversion, 150–151, 161
cooperation. see also economic cooperation
in industry, 203, 242
Shah Wali-Allah on, 310
in trade, 141
courage, 9–10, 25
cowardice, 9–10
crop sharing. see muqàsamah
Crown Estate. see Sawàfiland
Crusades, 128, 224, 299–301
currency dealers, 22, 134
currency union, 383, 384–386
current assets, 254–256
custom duties. see ushùr
custom union, 385
Dam of Ma"rib, 11, 15, 16, 17
Dar al-Hikmah, 232
debts, 77, 78, 79, 141, 144
decentralization, 311
deduction, 216
deflation, 213, 244
deities, 13, 20
Department of Trade, 261
destiny, concept of, 39
dhalalah, 292, 315
dhaman, 410
discrimination, 74
divine guidance, 65
Dìwàn, 116, 130–133, 410
Dìwàn al-Mustaghallat, 410
Dìwàn-al-asl, 132, 410
Dìwàn-al-barìd, 131, 410
Dìwàn-al-Jund, 410
Dìwàn-al-khàtim, 131, 132, 410
Dìwàn-al-maa", 139
Dìwàn-al-rasa"il, 131–132, 410
Dìwàn-al-zimam, 132–133, 410
Dìwàn-al-zimmah. seeDìwàn-al-zimam
doctrine of necessity, 233, 236
Donia, Shawqy Ahmed, 390–392
drinking, 32, 50, 101
duyun, 416
earnings
as destined by God, 218
al-Ghazàlìon, 251–252
Ibn Khaldùn on, 280
al-Muœàsibìon, 212, 216–220
al-Shaibànìon, 198–200
economic cooperation, 381–386, 395
economic development
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 241
Bàqir-al-Sadr on, 393–394
under caliph Ali ibn Abi-Taleb,
124 –125
Ibn Khaldùn on, 277–278
from Islamic perspective, 388–389
Keynes on, 278
Khurshid Ahmad on, 389–390
maximization and, 44, 370
as objective of production, 61
objectives of, 64
Shawqy Ahmed Donia on, 390–392
during Umayyad caliphate, 105–106
Economic Development in an Islamic
Framework (Ahmad), 389–390
economic efficiency, 41–43, 61, 242
economic freedom, 399
economic injustice, 271–272
economic integration
al-Ghazàlìon, 249–250
Ibn Khaldùn on, 275–276
Ja"afer al-Dìmashqìon, 256
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 242–243
economic literature. seeIslamic economic
literature
economic resources
abuse of, 37, 60, 61
allocation of, 60, 369–371
utilisation of, 61
economic theory
Islamic, 6, 8, 371–375
Western altruistic, 64
Western socio-, 378–379
Western versus Islamic, 45, 63,
378–379