Edomites, 15
education. see also schools; universities
as basic human need, 240
Christian schools, 293
al-Ghazàlìon, 247–248
Ibn Khaldùn on, 283
as means for specialisation, 205
al-Ràghib al-A›fahànìon, 242
efficiency, economic, 41–43, 61, 242
Egypt,
army revolt, 301, 321
British occupation, 301, 318, 323
development of agriculture, 139
during Fatimid caliphate, 224, 225
High Council for Fostering Art and
Literature, 352–353
High Institute for Arabic Studies, 352
during Ikhshìdi dynasty, 229, 231
Islamic banking in, 335–336, 366–367
during Mumlùks dynasty, 284, 286,
319–320
market tax revolt, 153
reformers from, 319–324
during reign of Muœammad Ali,
293–295
and secularisation, 326–327
and trade routes, 140
during Tulùnìd dynasty, 228
emigrants, 85, 86, 94
endurance, 5–6, 24
English language, 332, 339
entrepreneurship, 47, 62, 80–83, 91, 149
environment, as factor of production, 63
equality, 28, 43
equilibrium, 373–374
equity capital, 64, 332
equity participation, 333
ethics, 373–375, 396, 405
Ethics and Economics: an Islamic Synthesis
(Naqvi), 373
exchange value, 204
extension (isràf), 41–42, 70, 412
external auditing, 133
extravagance, 40, 42, 68, 70, 108, 199,
250
Fai". see Anfàl; Ghanìmah
characteristics of, 146
definition of, 410 , 411
distribution of, 84–86, 87–88, 104
Faisal bin Abdul Azìz (d. 1975 A.C.),
345
Faisal mosque, 345
Fakhr al-Dìn II (d. 1635 A.C.), 292
fallàh, 377
falsafah, 304–305, 307
Falsafatuna (Bàqir-al-Sadr), 393
fana", 212
al-Fangari, M. Sh., 358–359, 372
al-Farabi, AbùNasr (d. 950 A.C.), 225
fardh ayn, 248
fardh kifyah, 248
Fatimid caliphate, 223–224, 229,
231–232
fatwa, 231, 410
feudalism, 60, 80, 119, 147, 148, 397
fiefs. see Sawàfìland
financial instruments, 134–135,
144–145
financial risks, 282–283
fiqh. see also jurisprudence
Abù-Saud on, 359–360
definition of, 411
al-Ghazàlìon, 162
al-Hàwi al-Kabìr(al-Màwardì), 233
historical context, 92–93
al-Qardawi on, 356–358
Fiqh Academy, 403
Fiqh al-Zakàh (Yùsùf al-Qardawi),
356–358
fire, public ownership of, 58
First International Conference on
Islamic Economics, 338–340, 371
fiscal policies. seetaxation
fishery tax, 153
fitnah, 411
al-fitnah al-kobra, 92
Five Pillars of Islam, 71, 76, 96
fixed assets. see also real estate, 254–256
foreign communities, establishment of,
300–301
foreign direct investment (FDI), 384
fortitude, 9–10, 25
France, 294, 301, 318, 320
free will, concept of, 39, 374
freedom, faculty of, 39
French language, 332
French Mandates, 301
Fudayl ibn Iyad (d. 803 A.C.), 211
fuqaha, 36
al-Fustat. seeOld Cairo
al-Gaddafi, Mu"ammar Muœammad
(b. 1941 A.C.), 318
gambling, 32
general acceptable accounting principles
(GAAP), 402
Geniza papers, 140–142, 143index 435