Wang Gungwu, ‘Song–Yuan–Ming relations with Southeast Asia:
some comparisons’ in Wang Gungwu, China and the Overseas
Chinese, Times Academic Press, Singapore, 1991, pp. 106–10.
C. P. FitzGerald, The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People,
White Lotus, Bangkok, 1993, pp. 42–9.
ibid, pp. 53–5.
This and the following account of the Mongol invasions of
Vietnam are taken from Le Thanh Khoi, Histoire du Viet Nam des
origines à 1858, Sudestasie, Paris, 1981, pp. 182–92.
My account here draws on Michael A. Aung-Thwin, Myth and
History in the Historiography of Early Burma: Paradigms, Primary
Sources, and Prejudices, Ohio Center for International Studies,
Athens, 1998, pp. 33–92.
Grace Wong, A Comment on the Tributary Trade Between China and
Southeast Asia, and the Place of Porcelain in the Trade, During the
Period of the Song Dynasty in China, National Museum, Singapore,
June 1979.
Morris Rossabi, ‘The reign of Khubilai Khan’ in The Cambridge
History of China, vol. 6, eds H. Franke and D. Twitchett, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1994, p. 487.
Anthony Reid has pointed out the close links that developed over
the centuries between Champa and Java, in Charting the Shape of
Early Modern Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Singapore, 2000, pp. 32, 39–55.
The term mandalawas coined by Oliver Wolters in the first edition
of his History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives,
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1982. Cf. The
concept of ‘galactic polity’ in S. J. Tambiah, World Conqueror, World
Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand Against a His-
torical Background, University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge, 1976.
