Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

Table 8

Radiographic Findings (

Continued

)

Pathogen

Chest radiographic findings

Comments and other radiologic findings

Toxoplasma

pneumonia may be severe, even in the normal

host with bilateral interstitial infiltrates. Usually there is afocal reticular pattern similar to viral pneumonia, poorlydefined gound-glass opacities, and hilar nodes areusually enlarged. In compromised (AIDS) patients,bilateral coarse nodular pattern or a diffusereticulaonodular pattern without lymphadenopathy,pleural effusions have been reported.

Microsporidia

may cause tracheobronchitis or bronchiolitis.

Category C pathogens

Emerging infectious diseases such

as Nipah virus and hantavirus;yellow fever virus, tick-borneencephalitis complex(Flaviviridae). Other viruses withinthe same group are louping illvirus, Langat virus, and Powassanvirus.

Nipah virus: generating interstitial pneumonia or

encephalitis.

Tick-borne encephalitis complex: atypical pneumonia

syndrome.

Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever

viruses (Crimean-Congohemorrhagic fever (

Nairovirus

-a

Bunyaviridae), Omsk hemorrhagicfever, Kyasanur forest disease,and Alkhurma viruses.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: manifested in the

hemorrhagic period with blood-spitting pulmonaryhemorrhage and bleeding into the pleural cavity.Alkhurma viruses: acute febrile, flu-like illness withhepatitis (100%), hemorrhagic manifestations (55%), andencephalitis (20%).

464 Cleri et al.