Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

Disease External eye findings Fundoscopic findings

Toxoplasmosis l Nystagmus

SL:

l Granulomatous iridocyclitis

l “Headlight in the fog” (focal

necrotizing retinitis with

overlying vitritis)

l Chorioretinitis

l Papilledema

l Retinal hemorrhage

l Retinal vasculitis

l Retinal vein/artery occlusion

Figure 8 “Headlight in the fog”

(see color insert).

Disease External eye findings Fundoscopic findings

Meningococcemia l Severe bilateral eyelid edema (this is
a relatively common, but overlooked,
early sign of meningococcal meningitis
as well as disseminated disease)
l Purulent, bilateral conjunctivitis (this may
be the presenting feature of meningococcal
infection)
l Chemosis
l Petechiae on the eyelids
l Subconjunctival hemorrhage

SL:

l Anterior uveitis

l Retinal detachment

l Retinal vein occlusion

Figure 9 Branch retinal vein

occlusion (see color insert).

Disease External eye findings Fundoscopic findings

Cat scratch disease
(CSD)

l Unilateral conjunctivitis with papillae

(Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome)

l Bacillary angiomatosis (relatively uncommon)

SL:

l Intermediate uveitis

l Optic nerve edema with

“macular star” (typically

unilateral)

l Cotton-wool spots

Figure 10 “Macular star” (see

color insert).

70 Cunha et al.