Organic Chemistry

120 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics The greater the atomic number of the atom bonded to an carbon, the high- er i ...

Section 3.6 How Alkenes React • Curved Arrows 121 If atoms have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers, the one with ...

122 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics To further reduce the need to memorize, one needs to understand whya function ...

Section 3.6 How Alkenes React • Curved Arrows 123 Curved arrows show the flow of elec- trons; they are drawn from an electron- r ...

124 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics additionof 1 mole of HBr to 1 mole of the alkene. The reaction, therefore, is ...

Section 3.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 125 PROBLEM 12 Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in each of the follow ...

126 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics Thermodynamics The field of chemistry that describes the properties of a syst ...

release more energy than it will consume. It will be an exergonic reaction (Figure 3.3a). If the products have a higher free ene ...

128 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics The gas constant Ris thought to be named after Henri Victor Regnault (1810–18 ...

Section 3.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 129 ing the entropy term can be a dangerous practice, however, because many organic reac ...

130 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics The bond dissociation energy is indicated by the special term Recall from Sec ...

Section 3.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 131 Free energy ab cd Free energy Progress of the reaction −∆G° −∆G° +∆G° +∆G° Progress ...

132 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics rate of a reaction number of collisions per unit of time =×fraction with suff ...

Section 3.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 133 The smaller the rate constant, the slower is the reaction. reaction will double; if ...

134 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics PROBLEM 20 SOLVED At 30°C, the second-order rate constant for the reaction of ...

Section 3.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 135 Mechanistic Tutorial: Addition of HBr to an alkene Progress of the reaction ab Free ...

136 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics Free energy CH 2 CH 3 Br + CH 3 CH CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 Progress of the reaction ...

Summary 137 Summary Alkenesare hydrocarbons that contain a double bond. The double bond is the functional groupor center of reac ...

138 CHAPTER 3 Alkenes• Thermodynamics and Kinetics place in a reaction. The more stable the species, the lower is its energy. As ...

Problems 139 Give the structure of a hydrocarbon that has six carbon atoms and a. three vinylic hydrogens and two allylic hydro ...