Organic Chemistry

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1 The first twochapters of the text cover a variety of topics that you need to get started with your study of organic chemistry. ...

T o stay alive, early humans must have been able to tell the difference between two kinds of materials in their world. “You can ...

Section 1.1 The Structure of an Atom 3 make life possible—proteins, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids— ...

4 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Louis Victor Pierre Raymond duc de Broglie (1892–1987)was born in ...

Section 1.2 The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom 5 ALBERT EINSTEIN Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was born in Germany. When he ...

6 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases addition to their sand porbitals—also contain five degenerate dat ...

Section 1.3 Ionic, Covalent, and Polar Bonds 7 Friedrich Hermann Hund (1896–1997)was born in Germany. He was a professor of phys ...

8 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Lithium and sodium each have one valence electron. Elements in th ...

Section 1.3 Ionic, Covalent, and Polar Bonds 9 Sodium chloride is an example of an ionic compound. Ionic compoundsare formed whe ...

10 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Polar Covalent Bonds In the and covalent bonds shown previously, ...

Section 1.3 Ionic, Covalent, and Polar Bonds 11 You can think of ionic bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds as being at the opposit ...

12 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases The colors on a potential map can also be used to estimate charg ...

Section 1.4 Representation of Structure 13 American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875–1946)was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, ...

14 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases For example, an oxygen atom has six valence electrons (Table 1.2 ...

Section 1.4 Representation of Structure 15 In studying the molecules in this section, notice that when the atoms don’t bear a fo ...

16 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Kekulé Structures In Kekulé structures, the bonding electrons ar ...

Section 1.4 Representation of Structure 17 Kekulé structure Condensed structures Two or more identical groups considered bonded ...

18 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases SOLUTION TO 10b The total number of valence electrons is 17 (5 f ...

Section 1.5 Atomic Orbitals 19 To understand why nodes occur, you need to remember that electrons have both particlelike and wav ...