8 Leaders TheEconomistMarch12th 2022
G
lobal commoditycrisestend tocausesevereeconomic
damage and political upheaval. The oil shocksofthe1970s
left Western economies with runaway inflation anddeepreces
sions. Oil revenues also helped prop up the SovietUnionandfu
elled the export of Saudi extremism. Soaring grainpricesin 2010
and 2011 were a trigger for the street protests thatledtotheArab
spring and the toppling of dictators.
Today Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is unleashingthebiggest
commodity shock since 1973, and one of the worstdisruptionsto
wheat supplies since the first world war (see Finance&econom
ics section). Although commodity exchanges arealreadyincha
os, ordinary folk have yet to feel the full effectsofrisingpetrol
bills, empty stomachs and political instability. Butmakenomis
take, those things are coming—and dramaticallysoifsanctions
on Russia tighten further, and if Vladimir Putin retaliates.West
ern governments need to respond to the commoditythreatas
determinedly as to Mr Putin’s aggression.
The turmoil unfolding in energy, metals and foodmarketsis
broad and savage. Overall indices of commoditypricesarenow
26% higher than at the start of 2022. The cost of abarrelofBrent
crude oil has swung wildly around levels that indicatethebig
gest supply shock since Saddam Hussein’s armycrossedfrom
Iraq into Kuwait in 1990. European gas prices havealmosttre
bled amid panic that pipelines from the east
will be blown up or starved of supply. The price
of nickel, used in all electric cars among other
things, has spiralled so high that trading in Lon
don has been halted and Chinese speculators
are nursing multibilliondollar losses.
Such are the consequences of Mr Putin’s de
cision to drive his tanks across the breadbasket
of Europe, and the subsequent isolation of Rus
sia, one of the world’s biggest commodities exporters. Western
sanctions on Russian banks have made lenders, insurers and
shipping firms wary of striking deals to carry Russian cargoes,
leaving growing piles of unsold industrial metals and an armada
of vessels full of unwanted Urals crude. Stigma and danger have
caused others to stay away. Shell has abandoned buying Russian
crude oil after a backlash. The Black Sea is a nogo zone for com
mercial shipping because some vessels have been hit by missiles
and Russia is menacing Ukrainian ports. Not many seeds will be
planted in Ukraine’s bloodsoaked fields this spring.
It could get worse. On March 8th, in the latest measure to in
crease pressure on Mr Putin, America announced that it would
ban purchases of Russian oil. The United States is a small con
sumer of Russian crude, but if the European Union were to join
the embargo, about twothirds of the 7m8m barrels a day of ex
ports of Russian crude and refined products would be affected,
equivalent to about 5% of global supply. A full global embargo,
enforced by America, could send the oil price towards $200 a
barrel. If Russia were to retaliate by limiting gas flows, Europe
would reel: last year the eurelied on Russia for 40% of its con
sumption. Meanwhile, bitter experience teaches that countries
often respond to food shortages by banning exports, leading to a
titfortat breakdown in global trade.
Theeffectsofthiscommoditycalamitycouldbebrutal.If you
looknarrowlyattheeconomy,theworldisfarlessenergyinten
siveperunitofgdpthaninthe1970s(seeFreeexchange).None
theless,globalinflation,alreadyat7%,mayrisebyanothertwo
tothreepercentagepoints,toa levellastseenfora sustained
periodintheearly1990s,whenMrPutinwasdoingmafiadeals
inStPetersburgandglobalisationhadyettoflourish.Growth
mayslowasfirms’confidenceisknockedandinterestratesrise.
Inthepoliticalrealm,leadersintheWestwillhavetofacefu
riousvoters,notleastinAmerica’smidtermelectionsinNo
vember.RememberthegiletsjaunesprotestersinFrancein2018,
furiousatthecostofpetrol.Inpoorercountrieswherefoodand
fuelarea largerpartofpeople’sspending,thebacklashcouldbe
stillmoreviolent:foodpricespikesin200708ledtoriotsin 48
countries,andtherearealreadysignsofpanicandunresttoday
(seeMiddleEast&Africasection).
Sucha panoramaofsufferingandinstabilityisworryingin
itsownright.Butitalsothreatenstounderminethecredibility
oftheWesternresponsetoRussia’sdecisiontostartwhatmay
becomethelargestwarinEuropesince1945.Thegreatertheglo
balpain,MrPutinmayjudge,theharderit willbefortheWestto
sustainthesanctions:allhehastodoiswaitit out.
ThatisonemorereasonforWesterngovernmentstocounter
theilleffectsofthecommoditycrunch.Thepri
orityistoboostsupply.Americanalliesinopec,
includingSaudiArabia,havedeclinedtopump
moreoil,butmoreadeptAmericandiplomacy
couldyieldresults.Richcountriescouldspeed
upthereleaseofthe1.5bnbarrelsofoilthey
holdinreserve. HavingdisparagedAmerica’s
shalefrackers,theBidenadministrationneeds
to prod them to drill more. The eumust pro
mote or prolong its use of nuclear, renewable and coalpowered
generation, so as to stock up on gas for the winter. It should also
prepare for the worst case: gas rationing. Richcountry govern
ments may have to protect the poor at home with handouts.
Stimulus could mean higher interest rates or taxes, but that is a
risk worth taking to protect the world against an aggressor.
Digging deep
Whatever the privations of rich countries, poorer ones are in
worse trouble. So the West must strengthen the global financial
safetynet. Some food and oil importers may face a balanceof
payments squeeze and tumbling currencies. Even in Europe,
some countries, such as the Baltic states, are vulnerable to gas
cutoffs. The Federal Reserve and the imfshould make it easier
for friendly but fragile countries to gain access to hardcurrency
loans. And Europe should press ahead with an idea to issue joint
debt to help spread the costs of the crisis.
A world facing a physical shortage of raw materials dug up
from the ground seems like a throwback to an earlier age. Yet
that is exactly the predicament that lies ahead. After decades of
drift, the West has shown resolve and cohesion by confronting
Mr Putin’s aggression. Now it must matchthatby showing lead
ership in the teeth of the economic storm.n
Chaos in global commodity marketsisabouttostriketheworld’shouseholdsandpoliticians
Commodity prices
January 1st 2022=
130
120
110
100
Jan Feb Mar
Fuel, food and fury
The world economy