Instant Notes: Analytical Chemistry

multiple of the estimated standard deviation of the method, usually 95% or ±1.96s/N1/2; ● action linesare positioned to correspo ...

with stringent analytical requirements to develop, test and validate analytical methods. Proficiency testingschemes are designed ...

have results with unacceptable accuracy, whilst laboratories 5 and 15 have results closest to the true or accepted value. In pra ...

as two parameters can be plotted as a single point with specified xand y co-ordinates on a two-dimensional graph, the values of ...

Multivariate modeling is the basis of quantitative analysis bynear infrared spectrometry(Topic E11) to determine moisture or fat ...

Section C – Analytical reactions in solution C1 SOLUTION EQUILIBRIA Solvents The use of solvents for analytical work is determin ...

to the solvent. The solvent structure is also disrupted by the presence of species different in size, shape and polarity from th ...

passing helium through them, or by boiling them, since gas solubility decreases as the temperature is increased. ● Liquids. When ...

but additional terms are often added to the Debye-Hückel equation to compen- sate for the change in the activity. The pX notatio ...

(ii) Complexation equilibria. The reaction between an acceptor metal ion M and a ligandL to form a complex ML is characterized b ...

H++OH-=H 2 O K= 1014 C(aq) +A(aq) =CA(solid) K = 1010 M(aq) +L(aq) =ML(complex) K = 1010 Ox1 +Red2 =Red1 +Ox2 K = 1012 Therefore ...

Section C – Analytical reactions in solution C2 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS Important electrochemical reactions have already been ...

platinum. Consider a cell set up with a zinc electrode dipping into a zinc sulfate solution, and connected through a porous disc ...

The free energy Gdepends on the activity (or approximately the concentra- tion) of the reactants and products. For a general rea ...

The cell reaction is the reduction of copper ions by hydrogen: Cu^2 ++H 2 =Cu +2 H+ Writing the Nernst equation for this cell: E ...

the copper electrolysis cell has two electrodes placed in an acidified aqueous solution of a copper salt. Example If a current o ...

Section C – Analytical reactions in solution C3 POTENTIOMETRY Cells When a cell is set up, but not connected to any outside circ ...

E(cell) =E(right) -E(left) =E(Cu^2 +, Cu) - E(Zn^2 +, Zn) Dividing the emf equation into separate electrode equations: E(Cu^2 +, ...

solubility product Ksp. Therefore, if we put insoluble silver chloride, AgCl, in contact with a silver rod, a (Ag+) =Ksp/(a(Cl-) ...

C3 – Potentiometry 69 Contact (a) (b) (c) Contact AgCl/Ag electrode Buffer solution Glass membrane Contact Selective surface Fil ...