Encyclopedia of Chemistry

Chemistry of the Radioactive Elements(1912–14), Mat- ter and Energy(1912), Science and Life(1920), The Interpretation of the Ato ...

solvent Any liquid that dissolves another solute and forms a homogeneous solution. Several types of sol- vents exist, such as or ...

Such parameters have been based on numerous differ- ent physicochemical quantities, e.g., RATE CONSTANTs, solvatochromic shifts ...

See alsoGENERAL ACID CATALYSIS; GENERAL BASE CATALYSIS; PSEUDOCATALYSIS. specific gravity The ratio of the density of a sub- sta ...

spectra. Between electron and nuclear spins, this is termed the nuclear HYPERFINE interaction. Between electron spins, it gives ...

spontaneous reaction A reaction that will continue to proceed without any outside energy. Spontaneous reactions are those that w ...

Note that the steady-state approximation does not imply that [X] is even approximately constant, only that its absolute rate of ...

steric-approach control Control of STEREOSELEC- TIVITYof a reaction by steric hindrance toward attack of the reagent, which is d ...

hypothetical) made up from the same atoms with the same types of bonding. (The enthalpy of formation of cyclopropane is 53.6 kJ ...

substitution reaction A reaction in which atoms are replaced by other atoms. substrate A substrate can be a chemical species of ...

superhyperfine SeeELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESO- NANCE SPECTROSCOPY. superoxide dismutases (SOD) ENZYMES that cat- alyze the DISMUT ...

Sutherland died on March 9, 1974, in Miami, Florida. The Earl Sutherland Prize award is presented annually by the chancellor of ...

certed processes involving changes in two identical bonds. See alsoIMBALANCE. synchrotron An instrument that accelerates electri ...

Taft equation Various equations are associated with R.W. Taft, but the term is most often used to designate the family of equati ...

See alsoAMBIDENT; SIGMATROPIC REARRANGEMENT; TAUTOMERIZATION; VALENCE TAUTOMERIZATION. tautomerization The ISOMERIZATIONby which ...

(nitric acid), HClO 3 (chloric acid), and HC 2 H 3 O 2 (acetic acid). Acetic is a ternary acid by this defini- tion, but in gene ...

c, peroxidases, catalases, flavoproteins, and pyridin- proteins, particularly the alcohol dehydrogenases. For his work on the na ...

third law of thermodynamics If all the thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed, absolute zero would occur ...

ATOMfrom each other (not generally recommended for precise nomenclature purposes of complicated systems). In organic systems, th ...

ism of “transition state theory” the transition state of an elementary reaction is that set of states (each charac- terized by i ...