The History of Christianity: From the Disciples to the Dawn of the Reformation

influence of the Cluniac sensibility. Three monks of Cluny were even elected bishops of Rome. • The influence of Cluny remain ...

Lecture 29: monastic Reform o Bernard was a man of great abilities and decided views who actively exerted power on a number of f ...

• In Italy, a Benedictine monk named Romuald founded a monastic house at Camaldoli near Arezzo that also demanded only the ba ...

Lecture 30: Cathedrals and Chapters Cathedrals and Chapters................................................................ Lect ...

o Romanesque churches are characterized by the barrel vault. They have great strength and stability but are limited by the need ...

Lecture 30: Cathedrals and Chapters • Much like the earlier basilicas that were adapted from the Roman royal halls, the basic ...

allusions to other biblical scenes. The windows of cathedrals were, in this respect, not unlike the illuminated biblical manuscr ...

Lecture 30: Cathedrals and Chapters is the high point of the Mass (signaled by the ringing of bells) rather than the partaking o ...

o Chapter schools were the seedbeds for the eventual development of universities in such cathedral cities as Paris, Bologna, and ...

Lecture 30: Cathedrals and Chapters dialectic: The controversy was a stepping-stone on the way to medieval Scholasticism. o More ...

The Crusades Lecture 31 I t can be argued that the 11th through 13th centuries represent the high water mark of the European civ ...

Lecture 31: The Crusades in the late 8th century, had invaded Spain in an effort to drive back the Muslim armies and had establi ...

o But if Christians died in a state of grace without making full repentance for their (venial) sins, they went to purgatory, a p ...

Lecture 31: The Crusades • As many as seven expeditions going by the name of “Crusades” moved from the west to the east, from ...

• The army of Christian knights crossed the Balkans and Asia Minor, conquering Antioch in 1098 and liberating Jerusalem in 10 ...

Lecture 31: The Crusades The Third Crusade • The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was led by three Christian kings of Europe: the Ho ...

Later Crusades • Efforts at mounting and carrying out Crusades continued in the 13th century, but (as with the partly legenda ...

Lecture 32: Papal Revolution Papal Revolution Lecture 32 T he era of great building projects and military expeditions was also a ...

alone according to the new procedure introduced by his predecessor. Before this, papal elections often involved various rulers a ...

Lecture 32: Papal Revolution o Gregory’s intemperate language led Henry to summon a synod at Worms in 1076 that sought, in turn, ...