Pelleting
effects on feed enzymes 419
Penicilliumspp. 387
Pentosanase 406, 410, 413
Peptidases 27
Peptide 3–20, 126, 354, 356
transport
cell and tissue expression 6, 7–8
chickens 16–17
peptidomimetic drugs 6, 8, 9, 10
pigs 17–18
proteins 6, 9–10, 14–15, 18–20
sheep and cattle 18–20
substrate affinities 6, 8, 9, 10
systems 7–8
Perennial ryegrass 388
Perennial tall fescue 388
Permease 133, 139, 140
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) 112
Peroxisomes
fatty acid oxidation 111–112
pH
control 213
cytosolic 140
intestinal 126
intracellular 152, 153
luminal 139
Phenethanolamines 65–87
applications 86–87
compounds 65–66
effects 66–67
efficacy 66–85
factors affecting responses 67–70
age/weight 69–70
diet 67–68
dosage 69
duration of treatment 68–69
genetics 70
and meat quality 70–74
fat composition 74
juiciness 73
other traits 73–74
tenderness 71
mode of action 74–85
in adipose tissue 74–75
blood flow 78
endocrine effects 77–78
receptors 78–84
in skeletal muscle 75–77
Phenylalanine 33
Phomopsin A 387, 388, 391, 396, 397
Phomopsis leptostromiformis387, 388
Phospholipase 98, 101, 114, 116
Phospholipids 98, 101, 114–115
Phosphorus 407–409, 411, 413–415
excretion 412
inorganic 411, 415
non-phytate 411
pollution 411
phytate 408–409, 411, 413–415
requirements 411
Phosphotransferase (PTS) 133
Photosensitization 390, 391, 394–395
induction by
lantadene A and B 395
phomopsin A 391, 395
sporidesmin A 391
steroidal saponins 390, 394
Phylloerythrin 395
Phytase
role 407–409
supplementation of
pig diets 413–414
poultry diets 411–412
Phyto-oestrogens 384, 386, 389, 390, 396–397
genistein 386
formononetin 389
Pigeon pea 385
Piglets/pigs
amino acid
ileal digestibility 279–302
transport 17–18
utilization 280
digestion 413
feed starch 130
glucose procurement 122, 124–127
hindgut fermentation 142
3-methylhistidine kinetics 39–40, 42
phenethanolamine efficacy 68–70, 71
ractopamine efficacy 67, 82
responses to feed enzymes 409, 412–414
trans-hepatic amino acid flux 55
Pithomyces chartarum387, 388
Placenta
amino acid transport 7, 10, 12, 13, 15
Plasma
zinc 165
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 227, 262, 399
Polysaccharides
storage 122–123
structural 123–124
Pools
age-dependent or lag-rumination 336, 341, 343
age-independent or mass action turnover 336,
341, 343
Porosity
bag 234, 238
Portal drained viscera
amino acid flux 51–54
glutamine flux 52
peptide flux 54
Potassium
ions 128–129, 141
Poultry
amino acid transport 16–17
broilers
dietary enzyme supplements 409–411
diets
enzyme supplementation 409–412
digestive processes 130–131
feed grain metabolizable energy values 407
glucose availability 122, 124, 130–131
layers
dietary enzyme supplements 411–412
phenethanolamine efficacy 68, 69
rapid metabolizable energy assays 307–314
Prediction of
cell wall digestion 246–249
ingestibility 247–248
intake 228
rumen escape 244–246
Pressure
atmospheric 214
sensor 211–213, 217
Proanthocyanidins 385
Processes
iterative 337
Production
milk 367, 368
Proline-rich proteins 392
Propionate
end-product of microbial fermentation 133, 135,
136, 138, 141, 144, 210
in gluconeogenesis 141–142
liver infusion 325
site of infusion 326
Propranolol 76
Prosopis cineraria392, 398
Proteases 127, 409, 413, 416, 419
Protein(s) 319
by-pass 68
degradation 25–28, 33–35, 71, 76–77, 84
indirect measurement 33
dietary
interaction with repartitioning agents 67–68
digestibility 416
endogenous 283
hydrolysable 352, 353, 354, 355, 356
metabolism 31–42
metabolizable 336, 339–340, 351
microbial 141
rumen efflux yield (MCPY) 354, 355, 358
rumen efflux yield efficiency (MCPE) 352, 353,
354, 355Index 435