Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 431Year Laureate(s) Discovery
1922 Archibald V. Hill (1886–1977; UK)
Otto Meyerhof (1884–1951; Germany) muscle metabolism and the ability of muscle activity to generate heat
1920 August Krogh (1874–1949; Denmark) neuromuscular mechanisms that regulate capillary constriction and
dilation
1919 Jules Bordet (1870–1961; Belgium) immunity and infectious diseases
1914 Robert Bárány (1876–1936; Austria) vestibular apparatus (receptors located within the inner ear that detect
the body’s position relative to the external environment)
1913 Charles Richet (1850–1935; France) mechanisms of anaphylaxis (severe hypersensitivity reaction)
1912 Alexis Carrel (1873–1944; France) transplantation of blood vessels and organs
1911 Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930; Sweden) refractive functions and errors of the eye (physiologic dioptrics)
1910 Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927; Germany) role of proteins and nucleic acids in cellular function
1909 Theodor Kocher (1841–1917; Switzerland) function and dysfunction of the thyroid gland
1908 Ilya Mechnikov (1845–1916; Russia) Mechnikov: function of phagocytosis in the immune response
Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915; Germany) Ehrlich: salvarsan as the first effective treatment for syphilis
1907 Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922; France) role of protozoa in causing diseases such as malaria
1906 Camillo Golgi (1843–1926; Italy) structure of the nervous system, notably the spinal cord and spinal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934; Spain) nerves
1905 Robert Koch (1843–1910; Germany) isolation and cultivation of the tubercle bacillus responsible for causing
tuberculosis and the mechanisms of tuberculosis infection
1904 Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936; Russia) physiology of digestion
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904; Denmark) therapeutic use of sunlight to treat conditions of the skin such as lupus
vulgaris
1902 Ronald Ross (1857–1932; UK) transmission of malaria by mosquito bites
1901 Emil von Behring (1854–1917; Germany) serum antitoxin to treat diphtheria