40 The Economist March 19th 2022
The Americas
Mexico’seconomy
Can’t grow, won’t grow
R
amón runsa successful business in
Mexico City moulding plastics for blis
ter packaging. When the pandemic dented
demandhe found a new opportunity in
making facial visors. Despite his acumen,
Ramón (not his real name) does not want
to expand his business. At his factory there
is no sign and no window advertising his
wares. “I don’t want to grow because I will
be worse off,” he says. Not only will his tax
rates jump from 2% of profits to 30%, he
says, but he will attract attention from both
trade unions and organised crime, which
will charge derecho de piso—extortion.
Ramón’s story helps explain something
that would otherwise be baffling: why the
Mexican economy grows so slowly. Given
its advantages, Mexico should be an engine
of growth for Latin America. It shares a
long land border with the United States. It
is part of a freetrade area that lets Mexican
industry integrate into North American
supply chains. Thanks to abstemious fiscal
policies, it has avoided the high inflation
and debt that afflict South American econ
omies like Argentina and Brazil. And yet
over the quartercentury before the pan
demic Mexico managed annual average
growth in gdpper person, on a purchas
ingpowerparity basis, of just 2.8% (see
chart on next page). That was little better
than Brazil, worse than Argentina and well
short of the performance of stars like Chile
and Panama.
This disappointing record looms larger
after the brutal experience of the pandem
ic. In 2020 Mexico suffered its worst eco
nomic contraction since the great depres
sion. Aggregate output shrank by 8.5%. Be
tween 2018 and 2020 at least 3.8m people
fell into poverty (according to a measure
that takes into account access to services as
well as income). That brought the poverty
rate to almost 44%. The recovery is looking
equally disappointing. Mexico’s economy
contracted in the last two quarters of 2021.
The imfand Mexico’s central bank have re
vised down sharply their forecasts for
growth in 2022 relative to earlier esti
mates, back to the usual 23% range.
No single factor explains Mexico’s un
derperformance. “It’s like a good mole [a
traditional sauce], with many ingredients,”
quips Gordon Hanson of Harvard Universi
ty. His work suggests that Mexico’s dol
drums are at least partly due to bad luck.
Although it experienced some success in
building a manufacturing sector in the
1980s and 1990s—an effort that received a
boost from the North American Free Trade
Agreement starting in 1994—Mexico’s for
tunes shifted after China joined the World
Trade Organisation in 2001.
Thereafter, Mexico’s share of American
imports dropped while China’s soared.
China offered a much larger workforce at
lower wages, making goods that were sub
stitutes for those made in Mexican fac
tories. Nonetheless, Mexico’s close eco
nomic ties to the United States meant that
the latter’s housing bust and lacklustre re
covery sapped Mexican growth. In 2009,
for example, output across emerging mar
MEXICO CITY
Red tape, taxes and gangsters keep small firms small
→Alsointhissection
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