Atlas of Human Anatomy by Netter

Fungiform
a. Mushroom-shaped
b. Found on tip and sides of tongue
c. Have taste buds
External features of the tongue posterior to sulcus terminalis
Posterior to palatoglossal arches
Roughened surface due to underlying lymphatic follicles = lingual tonsil
External features of inferior tongue
Lingual frenulum
Midline fold of mucosa from gingivae to posteroinferior surface of tongue
Connects tongue to floor of mouth
Sublingual caruncle
Papilla on either side of frenulum
Opening of duct of submandibular gland
Muscles
Both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are paired
All muscles act coordinately
Fibrous septum separates muscles of each half of tongue
Extrinsic muscles
Alter position of tongue
Genioglossus
a. Most of bulk of tongue
b. Contributes to protrusion of tongue
c. Moves tongue from side to side
Hyoglossus
a. Depresses tongue
b. Aids in retraction
Styloglossus
a. Mingles with fibers of hyoglossus
b. Creates central trough or furrow with genioglossus during swallowing
c. Retracts tongue and curls side
Palatoglossus
a. Largely a soft palate muscle
b. Elevates posterior tongue
Intrinsic
Alter shape of tongue
Superior longitudinal: curls tip of tongue superiorly
Inferior longitudinal
a. Curls tip of tongue inferiorly
b. Acts with superior longitudinal muscle to shorten and thicken tongue
Transverse: narrows tongue and increases height
Vertical: flattens and broadens tongue
Vasculature
Arterial supply
Principally from lingual artery, branch of external carotid
Dorsal lingual artery
Deep lingual artery
Sublingual artery
Minor contributions from tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal arteries
Venous drainage
Accompanies arterial supply
Dorsal lingual veins
Deep lingual veins (join sublingual veins)
All drain, either directly or indirectly to internal jugular vein
Lymphatic drainage takes one of four routes
Tip (apex) to submental nodes
Anterior medial two thirds to inferior deep cervical nodes
Anterior lateral two thirds to submandibular nodes
Posterior one third to superior deep cervical nodes
Innervation:
All muscles of tongue except palatoglossus supplied by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Palatoglossus supplied by pharyngeal plexus (CN IX via CN X)
Sensory to anterior two thirds of tongue
General sensory: lingual nerve (CN V 3 )
Special sensory (taste): corda tympani (CN VII)
General and special sensory to posterior one third of tongue: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)