44 Middle East & Africa The Economist April 2nd 2022
the mere act of meeting was enough, cer
tainly for Israel. Though it has had dip
lomatic relations with Egypt since 1979 and
Jordan since 1994, public summits with
their leaders have been rare, stilted affairs.
The informality of the Negev summit,
at which the delegations slept in the same
hotel and dined together, was a sign of the
changing atmosphere in swathes of the
Middle East. Last year’s removal of Binya
min Netanyahu after 12 years as prime
minister, orchestrated by Naftali Bennett
and Yair Lapid, now the prime and foreign
ministers, did much to improve Israel’s re
gional ties, and not only with Arab states.
Turkey has spent the past decade at
odds with Israel, Egypt and the uae, largely
because of its vociferous and vigorous sup
port for political Islam. It is now eager to
mend those rifts. On March 9th RecepTay
yip Erdogan, its president, hostedhisIs
raeli counterpart, Isaac Herzog, forthefirst
such visit since 2007. A month earlierhe
had been in Abu Dhabi diningwiththe
Emirati crown prince.
The change of government in Israel
gave Mr Erdogan a chance to changehis
tone towards it. So does the prospectofex
porting natural gas buried underIsrael’s
Mediterranean waters. Turkey’s economic
ties with the uae may improve, too.Else
where, Egypt and the Gulf stateshavebu
ried their feud with Qatar, whichhaden
raged them by backing Islamists acrossthe
region. The uaeis even courting Basharal
Assad, Syria’s dictator, hopingtodiminish
his reliance on Iran.
There were notable absentees intheNe
gev. One was Saudi Arabia, whichhasnot
established ties with Israel. Butitshares
many of the same concerns aboutIran,and
was certainly there in spirit. “Youdon’tget
in a room with Emiratis and the Bahrainis
without having the Saudis’ approval,”says
an Israeli diplomat. Many Saudisexpect
Muhammad bin Salman, the crownprince,
to recognise Israel once he is king.
Also absent, of course, were thePales
tinians. Not only were they not invited,but
their long conflict with Israel,oncethe
cause célèbreof Middle Eastern diplomats,
got little more than a passing mention.
They made do with a visit from KingAbdul
lah of Jordan, who travelled to Ramallah,
their de facto capital, to meet Mahmoud
Abbas, the Palestinians’ ageing president.
The Negev summit was also a reminder
that there are no easy answers whenit
comes to Iran. If America does notknow
how to find one, neither do itsregional
partners. In the short term they willproba
bly work together to boost militarycoop
eration and missile defences. Participants
in the Negev suggested making ita regular
forum, to be convened annually ina desert
location. An American diplomat joked
that, with old enemies now gamblingon
new alliances, it could be Las Vegas.nOman’snewsultanBreak with the past
W
hen two British prisoners were
freed from Iran in March, it was no
surprise that Oman was their first stop. Na
zanin ZaghariRatcliffe and Anoosheh
Ashoori, held for years on bogus espionage
charges, were freed as part of a deal that
saw Britain settle an old debt with Iran.
Oman was the essential middleman, pro
viding an airforce jet to fly the prisoners to
freedom and a bank to serve as a conduit
for the British payment.
Two years have passed since Sultan
Haitham replaced his late cousin, Qaboos,
who had ruled for five decades. Not much
was known about him when he took over.
Qaboos never publicly named a successor.
It was unclear what to expect from the new
man, whose hitherto humdrum career had
consisted—among other responsibil
ities—of working in foreign affairs, cher
ishing the national heritage, watching
football matches and running the census.
Oman’s role in the prisoner deal was a
sign that, at least in foreign policy, the new
boss is much like the old. Neighbouring
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
(uae) are Gulf heavyweights with far deep
er pockets and beefier armies. Instead
Oman has used neutrality to its advantage,
not just over Iran.
The new sultan has kept Oman neutral
in the war in neighbouring Yemen, which
pits a Saudiled coalition against the
Houthis, a militant group that seized
chunks of the country in 2014. He has set
up talks between the warring parties, so far
without much success, though in 2020Oman negotiated a prisoner swap whereby
the Houthis freed two Americans. Sultan
Haitham is also friendlier with Saudi Ara
bia and the uae, hoping to woo invest
ment. Mostly it has been business as usual.
In domestic policy, though, he has bro
ken with the past. Sultan Qaboos built the
modern Omani state but did little to diver
sify its economy. Oman is a middling oil
producer, pumping about 1m barrels a day,
yet its economy depends utterly on the
black stuff: petroleum accounts for two
thirds of exports and more than 70% of
government revenue.
Sultan Haitham inherited a sluggish
economy. gdpgrowth had been below 2%
since 2017. Years of low oil prices had dri
ven Oman’s external debt from 64% of gdp
in 2016 to 94% in 2019. Then the pandemic
hit, causing the nonoil economy to shrink
by 4% in 2020 and pushing the currentac
count deficit to 14% of gdp.
This has spurred change, starting with
the public sector. Oman’s hefty public
wage bill was 15% of gdpin 2020 and 25%
of spending. Yet stroll through the govern
ment quarter after 2pm and barely a civil
servant is in sight. Since 2020 older ones
have had to retire; new ones must earn
lower wages. Last year Oman imposed a 5%
valueadded tax, the fourth Gulf state to do
so. The finance ministry expects to collect
450m rials ($1.2bn) in 2022, 4% of revenue.
Electricity and water tariffs rose last year.
Subsidies may be phased out by 2025.
This year’s budget projects a 5% deficit,
better than before but still high for a coun
try with a debttogdpratio above 100%.
However, the budget was based on oil at
$50 a barrel. So if prices stay at current lev
els, Oman should run a fat surplus and tip
its currentaccount balance into the black.
On March 24th the sultan pledged to use
the windfall to pay down debt.
The bigger challenge is how to diversify
the economy and create jobs: half of young
people are thought to be unemployed. Ma
ny of the big projects announced in the lat
ter years of Qaboos’s reign were still quite
oily. Refineries and petrochemical plants
are the star turns at Duqm, a megaport on
the Indian Ocean.
The new sultan has avoided flashy
megaprojects. He has reinstated the econ
omy ministry, abolished in 2011, and creat
ed a new investment authority, both with
mandates to create jobs. On March 28th the
Muscat stock exchange said it would allow
full foreign ownership of listed compa
nies, hoping to drum up interest abroad.
All of this should help. But the sultanate
is still an amiably sleepy place. The shinier
bits of Muscat, like the posh hotels and
royal opera house by the beach in Qurm,
have an almost Potemkin feel, as if they
were built for tourists whom Omanbarely
bothered to woo. But the sultan’s govern
ment recognises the need for change. nMUSCAT
An oil windfall is lovely but the
economy must diversify all the same