Light-emitting diodes, 94
carrier confinement, 95
edge emitter, 95 , 96
emission wavelengths, 97
lambertian, 95
LED structure, 95
LED wavelengths, 97
n-doped region, 95
optical confinement, 95
p-doped region, 95
pn junction, 95
surface emitter, 95
UV spectrum, 97
Light guiding principles, 52
Light scattering spectroscopy.
SeeElastic scattering spectroscopy
Light sheetfluorescence microscopy, 246
Light sources, 87
examples, 88
Light-tissue interactions, 142 , 166
photoablation, 168
photobiomodulation, 167
photochemical reaction, 167
photodisruption, 168
plasma-induced photoablation, 168
thermal effects, 167
Lightwave-molecular dipole interaction, 46
Linear momentum,36.See alsoPhotons
Linear polarization, 31
Lipids, 17
M
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 209
all-fiber inline MZI, 209
cascaded segments offibers, 210
fiber Bragg grating MZI, 209
Macromolecules, 15
Melanin,151.See alsoAbsorption
Michelson interferometer, 211
Microscope in a needle, 324
Microscopes,226.
basic transmission and reflection
setups, 227
depth offield, 234
field of view, 233
immersion medium, 232
inverted microscope, 230
nosepiece, 226
numerical aperture, 232
observation methods, 229
stereomicroscope, 229
upright microscope, 228
Microscopy, 225
brightfield microscopy, 230
concepts and principles, 226
darkfield microscopy, 231
differential interference contrast
microscopy, 232
multiphoton microscopy, 243
phase contrast microscopy, 231
polarized light microscopy, 232
reflected light microscopy, 228
transmitted light microscopy, 227
viewing and illumination techniques, 226
wide-field microscope, 226
Microstructuredfiber, 76
Middle-infraredfibers, 79
chalcogenide glasses, 80
germanate glass, 80
heavy metalfluoride glasses, 79
polycrystalline silver-halide, 81
Minimally invasive surgery, 297
Minimum detectable optical power, 127
Mitochondria, 18
Modal concepts,58.See alsoOpticalfibers
Modefield diameter,61.See also
Opticalfibers
Modes,52.See alsoOpticalfibers
guided mode, 52
Modulation of an LED, 98
injection carrier lifetime, 98
input drive signal, 98
modulation bandwidth, 99
recombination lifetime, 98
response time, 98
Monochromatic waves, 27
Monomers, 15
Multichannel detectors, 129
Multiphoton microscopy, 243
light sheetfluorescence
microscopy, 246
Raman microscopy, 245
super-resolutionfluorescence
microscopy, 247
Muscle tissue, 20N
Nervous tissue, 20
Neurophotonics, 326
Noise equivalent power, 128
Noisefigure, 126
Noise sources, 125
Nonlinear optical microscopy,245.See also
Multiphoton microscopy
Nonpolar molecule,46.See alsoDipole
Nucleic acids, 16
Numerical aperture, 56 ,232. See also
Opticalfibers342 Index