Biophotonics_Concepts_to_Applications

diffusion time, 262 , 264
lateral diffusion, 261
molecular diffusion processes, 261
spontaneousfluorescent intensity
fluctuations, 261
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.
SeeFLIM
Fluorescence microscopy, 241
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer.See
FRET
Fluorescence spectroscopy, 253
energy transition diagram, 255
genericfluorescence process, 254
internal conversion, 254
intersystem crossing, 255
soft tissue pathology, 253
vibrational relaxation, 254
Fluorophores, 183
extrinsicfluorophores, 184 , 242
fluorescent protein, 184
internalfluorophores, 242
intrinsicfluorophores, 183
photobleaching, 242
Flux, 90
Förster resonance energy transfer.SeeFRET
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 276
Fractional laser treatment, 176
Fresnel equations, 40
FRET, 255
absorption and emission spectra, 257
acceptorfluorophore, 256
commonly used FRET pairs, 258
donorfluorophore, 256
energetically oscillating dipole, 256
energy transfer efficiency, 257
FRET process, 256
Förster distance, 257
state transitions, 257
Fundamental mode,58.See alsoOpticalfibers
Fused-fiber couplers, 137

G
Gas lasers,109.See alsoLasers
Gaussian intensity profile, 318
Geometrical optics, 27
Greenfluorescent protein, 184 , 194

H
Hard-clad silicafibers, 74
Hemoglobin, 15 ,152. See alsoAbsorption
deoxyhemoglobin, 152
oxyhemoglobin, 152
Hyperspectral imaging, 308

I

Index of refraction, 8

Intensity, 91

Interference, 44

constructive interference, 44

destructive interference, 44

interference equation,44.See also

Reflection

Interferometric sensors, 208

Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 209

Michelson interferometer, 211

operational concept, 208

Sagnac interferometer, 212

Internal reflection,38.See also

Reflection

Inverted microscope, 229

In vitro, 4

In vivo, 3

Irradiance, 90 , 165

J

Jablonski diagram, 183

L

Lab-on-a-chip technology, 321

Lab-on-fiber concept, 218 , 323

Lambertian source.

SeeIntensity

Laser diodes, 104

direct modulation, 105

distributed feedback laser, 106

Fabry-Perot laser, 105

vertical cavity surface-emitting laser

(VCSEL), 106

Lasers, 101

active medium, 103

basic principle of

operation, 102

laser cavity, 103

laser diode, 103

lasing efficiency, 104

lasing mode, 103

lasing threshold, 103

mode-locked laser, 104

pumping, 102

Q-switched laser, 104

quantum cascade laser, 107

spontaneous emission, 102

stimulated emission, 102

tunable laser, 103

Lateral resolution, 290

Light absorption, 11

Light diffuser, 172

Index 341