Note: Figures and tables are indicated by
an f or t following the page number.
n Application Index Entry
n (^) Disorder Index Entry
n Environmental Index Entry
A
n A1C test, 149t
Abdominal aorta, 122f, 126–127, 226f
Abdominal cavity, 76, 76f. See also
specific organs in abdominal cavity
Abnormality, genetic, 391, 401t
n ABO blood typing, 146–147, 146t,
379, 379f, 383
Abortion, spontaneous, 344, 345,
350, 361
n Abortion, surgical, 317
Absorption. See also Reabsorption
in digestive system, 197, 201, 201f,
204, 205f
disorders of, 209
by epithelial membranes, 75
n Abstinence, sexual, 316, 316t
Accommodation, visual, 277, 277f
n Acetaminophen, and kidney
damage, 234
Acetic acid, 24
Acetylcholine. See ACh
Acetyl-CoA, 60–61
Acetyl group, 26f
ACh (acetylcholine), 111, 111f, 115,
120, 244, 245, 245t, 349
n (^) Achondroplasia, 393, 393f, 401t
Acid(s), 24. See also pH
acetic, 24
alpha-linoleic, 212t
amino. See Amino acids
ascorbic. See Vitamin C,
under Vitamins
carbonic, 25, 185, 232, 232f
deoxyribonucleic. See DNA
fatty. See Fatty acids
folic (vitamin B 9 ), 152, 214t, 344–345
hydrochloric, 24–25, 200, 207,
207f, 207t
lactic, 63, 112, 113
linoleic, 212, 212t
linolenic, 30f
nucleic. See Nucleic acids
oleic, 30f
phosphoric, 225
retinoic, 345
ribonucleic. See RNA
stearic, 30f
in stomach, 24–25, 200, 204,
207, 207f
sulfuric, 24, 25, 225, 476
uric, 225, 229, 233
Acid-base balance, 24, 24f, 25, 184–185,
186–187, 187f, 194, 229, 232,
232f, 232t. See also pH
Acidic solution, 24
Acidity, 24. See also Acid(s); pH
n Acidosis, 25
metabolic, 232, 299
n Acid rain, 4, 25, 25f, 476, 476f, 484
ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), 102
n (^) Acne, 79, 345
n (^) Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), 171, 172,
172f, 321t, 322t. See also HIV
n (^) Acromegaly, 293, 293f
Acrosome, 313, 315
ACTH (corticotropin; adrenocorticotropic
hormone), 287f, 290t, 291, 291f,
296, 297f
Actin, 53, 108–109, 108f, 109f, 110,
111f, 360
Action potentials, 246, 247f
as all-or-nothing impulse, 243, 243f
nerve impulses as, 242–243,
242f–243f
neuron structure and, 240–241, 241f
neurotransmitters release by,
244–245, 244f, 245t
propagation of, 242, 242f–243f
sensory information converted into,
266–267, 266f
summation of (synaptic integration),
245, 247, 250
Active immunity, 168
Active sites, of enzymes, 59, 59f
Active transport, 56, 56f, 229. See also
Transport proteins
Activity, physical. See Exercise
AD. See Alzheimer’s disease
Adam’s apple, 178
Adaptation, in evolution, 442, 453
Index
Index I -1
Adaptive immunity, 156–157, 156t,
162–167, 162f–167f. See also
Antibody-mediated immunity;
Cell-mediated immunity
HIV and, 172
immunological memory,
162–163, 162f
overview of, 162–163, 162f, 163f
Adaptive radiation, 449, 449f
n (^) Addiction
to drugs, 260, 260t
to smoking/nicotine, 177, 188
n (^) Addison’s disease, 304
Adduction, 97f
Adductor longus, 105f
Adenine (A), 58, 58f, 404, 404f, 405f,
406, 406f, 407f, 408, 408f–409f,
409t, 411, 416, 416f
Adeno- (prefix), 431f
n (^) Adenocarcinomas, 190
Adenoma, 429f
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 58, 58f,
60–61, 60f, 112, 112f
Adenosine triphosphate. See ATP
ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase), 458
ADH (antidiuretic hormone), 230–231,
230f, 231f, 287f, 288t, 290–291,
290f, 290t, 304
n (^) ADHD (attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder), 259
Adhering junctions, 74, 74f
Adhesion proteins, 335
Adhesive cues, 335
Adipose tissue, 63, 70f–71f, 70t, 71, 78f,
83, 85t, 195, 212, 217, 291, 297f,
298, 298f, 300
n Adjuvant therapy, 434
Adolescence, 347t
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 58, 58f,
60–61, 60f, 109f, 112, 112f, 241f
Adrenal cortex, 231, 287f, 292t, 296, 297f
Adrenal glands, 226f, 287f, 288,
296–297, 297f, 342
hormones acting on, 290, 290f,
290t, 291f
Adrenal hormones, 292t, 296–297, 297f
Adrenaline, 292t
Adrenal medulla, 287f, 292t,
296–297, 297f
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