HUMAN BIOLOGY

Index  I-3

taste of, 271
urinary system processing of,
228, 229t
Amino groups, 32, 32f, 33, 33f
Aminopeptidase, 205t
Ammonia, 38, 203, 225, 232, 232f,
468, 468f
Ammonification, in nitrogen cycle,
468, 468f
Ammonium, 468, 468f
n Amnesia, 257
n Amniocentesis, 346, 346f
Amnion, 336, 336f, 338f–339f
Amniotic cavity, 334f, 336f
Amniotic fluid, 336
Amniotic sac, 342
n Amoebic dysentery, 173t
n Amphetamines, 234, 260
Amplitude, of sound wave, 272, 272f
n Amputated limbs, phantom pain
in, 269
n Amputation, 99
n AMT blood test, 149t
Amygdala, 255, 255f, 257, 257f
Amyloidosis, 417f
Amyloid protein, 258
Amylose, 29, 29f
n Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
416–417, 417f
Anabolism, 58
n Anaerobic exercise, 66
Anal canal, 197, 206, 206f
n Analgesics, 260
Analogous structures, 446
Anal sphincters, 206, 206f
Anaphase (mitosis), 356f, 358, 359f,
360, 360f
Anaphase I (meiosis), 362, 364,
364f–365f, 368f–369f, 398f
Anaphase II (meiosis), 364f–365f, 365,
368f–369f, 398f
n Anaphylactic shock, 170
Anatomy
comparative, and theory of
evolution, 440
defined, 67
Androgen(s), 287f, 292t, 296, 395
n Androgen insensitivity, 395, 401t
n Anemias, 152, 152f, 401t, 417f. See
also Sickle-cell anemia
n Anesthetics, 253
n Aneuploidy, 398
n Aneurysm, 134
n Angina pectoris, 181
Angiogenin, 427
Angiography, 140
n Angioplasty, 134, 135f
Angiotensin, 292t
Angiotensin I, 231, 231f
Angiotensin II, 231, 231f
Angiotensinogen, 231f

n Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, 86

Animal(s)

biogeographic distribution of, 445

n breeding of, 456, 456f

cells, structure of, 44, 44f, 48, 48f

n classification of, 3, 3f

n cloning of, 421, 421f, 424f

n as consumers in ecosystems, 462,

462f, 463f, 464, 464f

dietary proteins from, 213

n endangered, 458, 458f, 486, 486f

fats from, 30, 212–213

fat storage, 30

n genetically modified, 420, 420f, 421

n habitats of, 460, 461f

in research, 9

sugar storage in, 29

n Aniridia, 396f, 397, 401f

Ankle

bones (tarsals), 90, 91f, 95, 95f

joint, 93, 96, 98–99, 451

sprains, 98–99

n Anorexia nervosa, 218–219,

219f, 219t

ANP (atrial natriuretic hormone),

292t, 300

n Antacids, 25

Antagonistic muscle pair, 106, 107f

n Antarctic ozone hole, 477, 477f

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 102

Anterior pituitary lobe, 287f, 290, 290t,

291, 291f, 293, 294f, 296, 297f,

308, 309f, 313, 313f, 343

Anthocyanin, 38

Anthropoids, 450f, 452

Anti-acne drugs, 345

n Antibiotics, 11, 11f

n birth defects caused by, 345

n bronchitis and, 189

n immune suppression and, 167

n resistance to, 11, 153, 173, 176, 190,

275, 284, 321

n use in treating disease, 57, 99, 136,

210, 275, 281, 320, 321, 323

n yeast infections triggered by,

160, 323

Antibodies

n autoantibodies, 171

blood type compatibility and,

146–147, 146t, 147f, 148

in breast milk, 343

classes of, 165, 165t

crossing of placenta by, 345

formation of, 157, 162

injections of, and passive immunity,

168–169

membrane-bound, 165t

monoclonal, 169, 169f, 432, 435

production of, 164, 164f–165f

role in immune system, 162, 164,

164f–165f

secreted, 165t

structure of, 164, 164f

Antibody-mediated immunity, 162,

163f, 164–165, 164f–165f

n Anticancer drugs, 427, 486. See also

Chemotherapy

Anticoagulants, 154

Anticodon, 411, 411f, 412

n Antidepressant drugs, 245, 259

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 230–231,

230f, 231f, 287f, 288t, 290–291,

290f, 290t, 304

Antigen(s)

and adaptive immunity, 162–167,

162f–167f

antibodies and, 164, 164f–165f

antigen–MHC complexes, 163, 163f,

164, 164f–165f, 166

antigen-presenting cells and, 163,

163f, 164, 164f–165f

in blood typing, 146, 146t, 147f

defenses against, 156

molecules serving as, 156

recognition of, 156, 162, 163

n vaccines and, 168–169

Antigen–MHC complexes, 163, 163f,

164, 164f–165f, 166

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 163,

163f, 164, 164f–165f

n Antihistamines, 170

n Anti-inflammatory drugs, 114, 296

n Antioxidants, 23, 23f, 213, 214–215,

214t, 435

n Antiparasitic drugs, 323

Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 172

Anti-Rh gamma globulin

(RhoGam), 148

n Antiviral drugs, 322

Anus, 196, 196f, 197, 206, 206f,

306f, 310f

cancer of, 322

Anvil (incus), 272, 272f–273f. See also

Inner ear

Anxiety

n and immune function, 429

and respiration, 187

Aorta, 122f, 124–125, 124f, 125f,

126–127, 126f, 131, 321, 341f

blood pressure in, 129

n disorders of, 134

function of, 124

n genetic disorders of, 393

Aortic bodies, 186, 187f

Aortic valve, 124, 124f, 125

Apes, 3, 3f, 448, 450, 451, 451f, 452

n Aplastic anemia, 152

n Apligraf, 73f

n Apnea, 189, 218

Apoptosis, 166, 167f, 335, 335f

Appendicular skeleton, 90, 91f, 94–95,

94f, 95f

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).