I-4 Index
Appendix, 203f, 206, 206f
and lymphatic system, 159
n referred pain from, 269f
Appetite, 300
regulation of, 207, 217
n research on, 6–7, 7f
Aqueous humor, 276, 276f, 276t, 281
n Aquifers, 480
Arachnoid mater, 252, 253, 253f. See
also Meninges
Archaea, 3f
Arctic
n food web in, 463f
n and global warming, 479
Arginine, 33f
Argon, 17, 18f
Arms. See also Hands
bones of, 91f, 94, 94f
muscles of, 105f, 106, 107f
n Arrhythmias, heart, 135, 135f
Arsenic, 63, 63f, 66, 190, 430t
n ART (antiretroviral therapy), 172
Arterial duct (ductus arteriosus),
341, 341f
Arteries, 122f, 123. See also
Cardiovascular disease
aorta as, 124–125, 124f, 125f
n atherosclerosis in, 134, 134f, 135,
218, 349
brachial, 122f
and cardiovascular circuit, 126–127,
126f, 127f
carotid, 122f, 131, 138
chemoreceptors in, 186–187, 187f
coronary, 122f, 127, 127f
femoral, 122f
n hardening of, 134
hepatic, 127
iliac, 122f
pulmonary, 122f, 124, 124f, 125, 125f,
126, 126f, 185f
pulse in, 130, 138
radial, 138
renal, 122f, 126, 226f, 227f
structure and function of, 130, 130f
umbilical, 340, 341f
Arterioles, 123, 127, 130, 130f, 131, 133,
133f, 227, 227f, 228, 231, 231f,
251, 291, 296
n Arteriosclerosis, 134
n Arthritis
n osteoarthritis, 87, 98, 195, 216, 348
n rheumatoid arthritis, 98, 171,
171f, 171t
n Artificial insemination, 318–319,
318f, 319f
n Artificial insemination by donor
(AID), 318
n Artificial insemination with embryo
transfer, 319, 319f
n Artificial selection, 456, 456f
n Artificial sweeteners, 271
Asbestos, 190, 429, 430t, 435, 476
Ascending aorta, 122f
Ascending colon, 203f, 206, 206f
Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C,
under Vitamins
n Aspartame, 271, 392
n Aspirin, 150, 208, 210, 234, 259, 275
n Assisted reproductive technology,
305, 318–319, 318f, 319f
Association areas (of the brain),
254, 255
n Asteroid impacts, 439, 439f, 448, 454
n Asthma, 165, 181, 189, 192, 296,
384, 391
n Astigmatism, 280
n Atherosclerosis, 134, 134f, 135,
218, 349
n Atherosclerotic plaque, 134, 134f, 349
Athletes. See also Exercise
n blood doping by, 145
endorphin high in, 245
n gender testing of, 360
n injuries, 87, 95, 98, 99, 114, 114f
n performance enhancement drugs
and, 120, 145
resting cardiac rate of, 135
n Athlete’s foot, 160, 173, 173f
n Atmosphere, of the Earth
n air pollution in, 188, 192, 192f,
476–477, 476f, 477f, 481, 484
n atmospheric pressure and gas
exchange, 180, 180f
n of early earth, 454
n greenhouse gases in, 478–479,
478f, 479f, 484
n ozone in, 477, 477f, 477t
n Atmospheric cycles, 465–468,
465f–468f
Atom(s)
chemical bonds between, 20–21, 20f,
21f, 21t
definition of, 16
as level of biological organization,
4, 4f–5f
shell model of, 18, 18f, 20, 20f, 21f
structure of, 16–17, 16f, 18, 18f, 19
Atomic number, 16
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
active transport energy from, 56, 56f
cell energy from, 2, 27, 63
conversion to cyclic AMP, 289, 289f
n environmental contaminants
and, 63
liver and, 203
metabolism, role in, 58, 58f
muscle energy from, 109, 109f, 112,
112f, 116
in neuron signaling, 241f
produced by cellular respiration,
60–62, 60f–62f, 63, 112, 112fproduced by fermentation, 60
produced in mitochondria, 52, 57,
60–62, 61f, 62f
produced in skeletal muscles, 107, 116
structure and function of, 36, 36f,
58, 58f
ATP/ADP cycle, 58, 58f
ATPase, 109
n Atrazine, 37, 37f
n Atrial fibrillation (Afib), 135
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP),
292t, 300
Atrioventricular (AV) nodes, 128, 128f
Atrioventricular (AV) valves, 124–125,
124f, 125f, 126
Atrium (heart chamber), 124–125, 124f,
125f, 126
Atrophy, of muscles, 116
n Attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), 259
Auditory canal, 272, 272f–273f
Auditory meatus, external, 92f
Auditory nerve, 272f–273f, 273
Australopithecus afarensis, 452, 452f
Australopithecus sediba, 458
n Autism, 249
n Autism spectrum disorders, 259
Autoantibodies, 171
n Autoimmunity, 136, 157, 171,
171f, 171t, 209, 258, 294, 349.
See also HIV
n Autologous transfusion, 141, 147
n Automated external defibrillator
(AED), 136, 136f
Automobiles
n energy use by, 484f, 485
n hybrid, 485
n and pollution, 25, 476, 485
Autonomic nerves, 248, 248f,
250–251, 250f
Autonomic reflexes, 251
n Autosomal dominant disorders,
392–393, 393f, 401t
n Autosomal recessive disorders, 392,
392f, 401t
Autosomes, 355, 355f. See also
Chromosome(s)
and chromosome number changes,
398, 398f
genetic disorders on, 392–393,
392f, 393f
Autotrophs. See Producers
n Avian (bird) influenza, 190
AV (atrioventricular) nodes, 128, 128f
AV (atrioventricular) valves, 124–125,
124f, 125f, 126
Axial skeleton, 90, 91f, 92–93, 92f–93f
Axon(s), 73, 111, 111f, 113f, 240, 240f, 246,
246f, 246t, 247f, 267f, 290, 290f
Axon hillock, of neurons, 240
Axon terminal, 240, 240f, 241fCopyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).